Kerala Plus One Economics Chapter Wise Previous Questions Chapter 5 Human Capital Formation in India
Question 1.
In your view, is it essential for the government to regulate the fee structure in education and health care institutions? Give reasons in support of your answer (minimum of four reasons). (March 2009)
Answer:
Yes/No (own observation)
High fees are to be reduced or regulated due to the following reasons.
- High fees create inequalities
- Poor cannot afford high fees
- It is curtailing human rights
Question 2.
Pick the odd one out and justify your answer. (Say 2009)
NCERT, AICTE, ICMR, UGC
Answer:
ICMR. Others are related to educational organisations.
Question 3.
“Investment in human capital accelerates the development process”. Discuss. (March 2010)
Answer:
Investment in education converts human beings into human capital. Human capital represents enhanced labour productivity.
Investment in health, on-the-job training migration, information etc. increases an individual’s income-generating capacity.
Human resources development has necessarily played important role in any development strategy.
Question 4.
Find the odd one out and justify your answer. (March 2011)
NSSO, RGI, CSO, NCERT
Answer:
NCERT
Question 5.
Expenditure on education has been increasing dur¬ing 1952-2010. It has not been uniform on all levels of education, is it true? Discuss. (March 2011)
Answer:
Yes, it is true.
The education expenditure is going on increasing in India: The expenditure on education was 0;64% of GDP in 1952. This was increased to 4.02% in 2002. Throughout this period, the increase in education expenditure has not been uniform and there has been an irregular rise and fall. Elementary education took a major share of total education expenditure and the share of higher education is the least. The per capita expenditure on education also differs in different states.
Question 6.
Suggest a few measures to convert the vast human resource of our country into human capital. (March 2012)
Answer:
- Provision of education
- Better health facilities
- Development of information facilities
Question 7.
Categorize the following antipoverty programmes under suitable headings. (March 2012)
[National Food For Work Programme, Prime Minister’s Rojgar Yojana, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Rural Employment Generation Programme.]
Answer:
Rural employment program for all
- National food for work programme
- National Rural Employment Guarantee act
Employment programme for educated unemployed
- Prime Ministers Rojgar Yojana
- Rural employment Guarantee programme
Question 8.
Jinu and Binu are good friends. They are very poor also. What is meant by the term poor? What are the features of poor people? (March 2012)
Answer:
Features of poor in India are
- Poor health
- Lack of education
- Debt trap
- Unemployment
- Unorganized sections of people
- Absence of housing facilities
Question 9.
You have been included in a committee of experts to suggest measures to transform the vast human resources of a country into human capital. What may be your suggestions? (March 2013)
Answer:
- Increase the facilities of education.
- Improve the health infrastructure in the country.
- Provide proper job training to people.
Question 10.
Mention any two government organisations that regulate the education sector in India. (Say 2013)
Answer:
- NCERT
- UGC
Question 11.
While explaining the importance of education, your teacher says, “school dropouts are giving way to child labour.” Discuss how this is a loss to human capital. (March 2014)
Answer:
Human capital is the stock of competencies, knowledge, habits, social and personality attributes, including creativity, cognitive abilities, embodied in the ability to perform labor so as to produce economic value. It is an aggregate economic view of the human being acting within economies, which is an attempt to capture the social, biological, cultural, and psychological complexity as they interact in explicit and/or economic transactions.
When there is drop out from schools leading to child labour, the education possibilities of a child is lost forever. Acquisition of knowledge becomes difficult under conditions of drop out. This ultimately creates people with lower capacity. Thus it is a heavy loss for human capital.
Question 12.
A friend of yours made the following post on a social network site with the comment, ‘adequate job training to farmers can raise productivity’. (Say 2014)
Can you write any two relevant comments which help the other farmer to raise productivity?
Answer:
- Use better seeds to raise productivity
- Go for proper irrigation to raise productivity
Question 13.
Complete the following chart: (March 2015)
Answer:
- Expenditure on education
- Health
- On the job training
- Migration
- Information
Question 14.
Explain the relationship between human capital and economic growth. (Say 2015)
Answer:
Economic growth means the increase in real national income of a country. The contribution of the educated person to economic growth is more than that of an illiterate person. Education and health are important factors in economic growth.
Human capital contributes not only towards increasing labour productivity but also stimulates innovations and creates the ability to absorb new technologies. Education provides knowledge to understand changes in society and scientific advancements. Higher-income causes the building of a high level of human capital and also the high level of human capital causes growth of income.
Question 15.
Name two major sources of human capital in a country. (March 2016)
Answer:
- Investment in education
- Investment in health
- On the job training
- Information
- Migration
Question 16.
Describe any three sources of human capital. (Say 2016)
Answer:
There are five sources of human capital such as education, health, on job training, migration, and information which are given below.
Education: Expenditure on selling up of educational institutions, ensuring the availability of teachers, ensuring infrastructure facilities, etc. are examples of investment in the education sector. Education increases the productivity and efficiency of persons.
Health: It is also considered an important input for the development of the nation. A sick labourer does not have enough productivity. So expenditure on health is an important source of human capital formation.
On the job training: It can be done in two forms:
- The workers may be trained in the firm itself under the supervision of a skilled and experienced worker.
- The workers may also be sent out of the firm for the training.
This training increases the productivity of the labourers.
Migration: Unemployment is the reason for migration. The majority of the people migrate in search of jobs that fetch them higher salaries than native places. Hence expenditure on migration is also a source of Human capital formation.
Information: Expenditure made to acquire information relating to the labour market. This information helps to make decisions regarding investment in human capital.
Question 17.
Express your view in the following aspects with reference to the present human capital formation in India. (March 2017)
a) Education for all
b) Gender equity
c) Higher education
Answer:
a) Education: India’s achievements in education are mainly in adult literacy rate, primary completion rate, and youth literacy rate. However, the level of unemployment among educated youth is the highest.
b) Gender equity: The differences in literacy rates between males and females are narrowing. It shows positive development in gender equality.
c) Higher education: Gives opportunity for better acquisition of knowledge and standard of living by securing jobs.