Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Answers

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 1CM
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be easily described by the following concept map.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 1CT
Restriction enzymes cut the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules at specific restriction sites on both the strands and produce sticky ends or blunt ends.
If the restriction enzymes make staggered cuts of the two strands of DNA, then fragments having sticky ends will be formed. In table 8.1, BamHI, EcoRI, HindII,I and HinfI will produce restriction fragments with sticky ends.
When the restriction enzyme cut both the strands of DNA at the same point, then fragments having blunt ends will be produced. In table 8.1, EcoRI, HindII, HpaI, MspI, and SmaI will produce blunt ended fragments.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 1L
The following figure shows the various steps of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The reagents and temperature required at every step have been labeled.



Every cycle of PCR consists of three steps. They are:

1. DENATURATION:
   The hydrogen bonds present between the two strands of DNA are broken in this step. The DNA is heated at 94^oC to do so. Due to this the two strands get separated.
2. PRIMING:
   To the separated DNA strands DNA primers, deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates and DNA polymerase are added. Then the mixture is cooled to 65^oC. This allows the binding of primers to the single strands of DNA at their complementary sites. Primers provide a free 3’ end for the enzyme to carry on polymerization.
3. EXTENSION:
   In this step, the double stranded DNA molecules will be synthesized by the DNA polymerase. Warming speeds the polymerization action of the enzyme. So this step is carried on at 72^oC.
4. REPEAT:
   After the completion of on PCR cycle, two DNA molecules will be synthesized from one DNA molecule. These will act as the target DNA for the next cycle of PCR.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 1MC

• Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms to develop new useful products for the improvement of quality in human life. This can be achieved by techniques like inducing mutations, tissue culture, recombinant, and DNA technology. Recombinant DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) technology is a branch of biotechnology. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.
• Combinatorial biology is the genetic manipulation of enzymes with the intent of changing the industrial product. The idea is that large number of compounds will be generated. Genetic manipulation can be attained by inducing mutations, recombination, and recombinant DNA technology. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
• By using recombinant DNA technology plants resistant to various conditions, high yielding varieties of both plants and animals, and microbes resistant to various antibiotics that can be developed. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.
• Undesirable phenotypic traits can be eliminated in living organisms by the use of recombinant DNA technology. Likewise, beneficial traits of two or more organisms can be combined to develop new organisms. Recombinant DNA technology involves modification of an organism’s genome. They can be achieved by genetic modification.
  Hence, the correct option is (d) it involves modification of organism’s genome.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 1MTF
Movement of DNA is inhibited by restriction enzymes:
Explanation
Restriction enzymes cut DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules at restriction sites, which have specific nucleotide sequences. They cut both the strands of DNA and produce either sticky or blunt ends. Restriction enzymes are useful in the movement of DNA. The sticky or blunt ends are helpful in recombining DNA molecules. Thus, restriction enzymes are involved in the movement of DNA.
Hence, the given statement, restriction enzymes inhibit the movement of DNA is False.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 1SA
The three artificial methods to introduce DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) into cells are as follows:

1. Electroporation
2. Protoplast fusion
3. Injection

Electroporation:
By using electric current, microscopic holes are punctured on the cell’s membrane. Through these holes, the DNA from the environment enters into the cell. This method can be used on all types of cells. Afterwards, the cells will repair their membranes and cell walls.
Protoplast fusion:
Protoplasts are cells without cell wall. When protoplasts are made to encounter one another, their cytoplasmic membranes may fuse and form into a single cell. This cell will contain the genomes of both the parent cells. Polyethylene glycol increases the rate of protoplast fusion.
Injection:
This is again of two types. They are gene gun and microinjection. Gold beads coated with DNA are fired into the target cell by using a gene gun. The metal beads are eliminated by the cell. In microinjection, DNA is inserted into the target cell by using a micropipette having a very small diameter.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 2CT
Genetic screening can identify the infection of viruses even before the patient shows any sign of infection.
The cancer inducing virus, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 or HTLV-1 inserts itself into the human chromosome. There it remains. Thus that particular gene in the human chromosome gets mutated. The mutated gene can be identified by using genetic screening. The scientists use DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid microarrays to screen patients for such mutated genes.
DNA microarray consists of single-stranded DNA immobilized on a substrate. The DNA from infected cells is immobilized on the substrate. Then a sample DNA which is complementary to the viral DNA is washed over the microarray. This sample DNA is fluorescently labeled. By this, the sample DNA will bind to its complementary DNA if present on the microarray.
The fluorescence will indicate the presence of the viral DNA in the patient’s DNA sample.
In this way, a laboratory technician can prove that the patient is infected with HTLV-1 even when there is no sign of cancer by using genetic screening.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 2MC
Reverse transcriptase:
Reverse transcription is the conversion of HIV’s single stranded RNA into double stranded viral DNA. Usually in cells, DNA is transcribed into RNA. Reverse transcription is catalyzed by reverse transcriptase enzyme. Thus, the enzyme that transcribes an RNA template into a molecule of DNA is reverse transcriptase. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.
Recombinant DNA:
It is the genetically engineered DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) created by combining two different DNA molecules isolated from different species. One of the parent cells will act as host for the other. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
Probe DNA:
It is a small single-stranded DNA molecule, which is used to identify specific sequences by allowing it to bind to complementarily sequences. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Complementary DNA:
A molecule of DNA that is transcribed by using RNA template is called complementary DNA, as it is complementary to RNA template. Complementary DNA is a DNA gene, which is produced from RNA template.
Hence, the correct option is (b) complementary DNA.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 2MTF
Restriction enzymes act at specific sequence of nucleotides in double stranded molecule:
Explanation
Restriction enzymes cut DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules only at restriction sites. These sites have specific nucleotide sequences. Such sequences are usually palindromes. Moreover, the restriction enzymes cut both the strands of DNA and produce either sticky or blunt ends.
Hence, the given statement, restriction enzymes act at specific nucleotide sequences within a double-stranded DNA molecule, is True.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 2SA
Cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals. Each population is called a clone.

• Cloning involves the selection of cells with required characteristics. Each cell is grown in vitro to develop into a population. The genome of the cells can be manipulated before they are grown.
• This will result in populations with modified cells. The cells in the population may be modified or may not be modified. The clone may even be contaminated with other cells.
• In such conditions, the whole procedure should be repeated.
• The work of medical researchers is usually linked with modifying the characteristics of cells. This is attained by cloning. So the medical researchers usually carry on cloning.
• For working with cells, the scientists require the cells in more number. Thus, the scientists carry on cloning.
• By following cloning procedure, animals, plants, and humans can be modified in their characteristics. Such organisms are said to be cloned.
• The cloned organisms will have an increment in their characteristics.
• Cloning procedure is completely carried in vitro. Due to these reasons, cloning is a practical technique to medical researchers.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 3CT
A thermocycler is a device that automatically performs Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) by continuously cycling through the three temperature regimes (94^oC, 65^oC, and 72^oC).
The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) polymerase derived from hyperthermophilic bacteria, such as, Taq DNA polymerase remains stable at all the three temperatures used in PCR. It is resistant to temperature fluctuations as well as to the high temperature.
Whereas, the DNA polymerase derived from E.coli denatures when the temperature is increased to 94^oC. Thus, if it is used in PCR, the enzyme has to be recovered after every cycle and added when there is a need.
As a thermocycler runs continuously, it does allow adding or recovering of the enzyme in the middle of the program. So, a thermocycler uses only Taq DNA polymerase and cannot use the DNA polymerase that is derived from E.coli.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 3MC
Recombinant cells:
The cells in which recombination has taken place are called as recombinant cells. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.
Competent:
It is the ability of the cells to take up the external DNA into it. For instance, bacterial cells are treated in chemicals to make them capable of loosening their cell covering, in order to take up the plasmids (vectors). Such a bacterial cell is called competent cell. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
Phages:
Viruses that infect bacteria are known as bacteriophages or phages. They can multiply by lytic cycle or lysogenic cycle. Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. It replicates within the bacteria. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Mutagens:
Mutagens are the physical and chemical agents that induce mutations. They create sudden changes in the genome of the microorganism so that its phenotype is changed. Agents X, Y, and Z altered the fungi Penicillium, so that the type and amount of penicillin produced from it became more effective. These agents are probably mutagens.
Hence, the correct option is (c) mutagens, which induce mutation resulting in the increment of the penicillin production.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 3MTF
Based on the size, shape, and electric charge:
Explanation
A thermocycler is a device that is used to perform PCR (polymerase chain reaction) automatically by continuously cycling the necessary reagents through three temperature regimes. Thus, the thermocycler is used to perform PCR automatically. Moreover, the technique is used to separate the molecules basing on the electrical charge, size, and shape is known as electrophoresis.
Hence, the given statement, a thermocycler separates molecules based on their size, shape, and electrical charge, is False.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 3SA
The nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) synthesized in vitro are called synthetic nucleic acids. Scientists use these nucleic acids mainly in three ways. They are:

1. Elucidating the genetic code:
   Scientists used synthetic nucleic acids with varying nucleotide sequences. By using them, they synthesized polypeptide chains. They observed the amino acids in the synthesized polypeptides and the codons for every amino acid have been described. In this way, scientists elucidated genetic code by using synthetic nucleic acids.
2. Creating genes for specific proteins:
   After knowing the genetic code and the amino acid sequence of a protein, the scientists are able to synthesize a gene for that particular protein in vitro.
3. Synthesizing DNA and RNA probes:
   Probes are small single-stranded nucleic acid molecules, which are mostly used to locate specific nucleotide sequences. These are fluorescently or radioactively labeled, if necessary. Scientists synthesized probes in vitro, such that they are complementary to the sequence of desired DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 4CT
Southern blotting involves the transfer of DNA or Deoxyribonucleic acid fragments from Agarose gel unto nitrocellulose membrane. A sample containing probes, which are complementary to the desired DNA is prepared. The probes are radiolabeled. It is allowed to wash over the membrane. The probes will bind to their complementary sequences on the membrane. The probes bound on the membrane will show radioactivity on the photographic film.
DNA microarray consists of single-stranded DNA immobilized on a substrate. A sample containing fluorescently labeled DNA, which is complementary to the desired DNA, is prepared. It is allowed to wash over the DNA microarray. The sample DNA will bind to the desired DNA sequences. Fluorescence will be shown representing the presence of the desired DNA sequences.
The similarity in these results is identifying the sequence by using complementary sequence. Fluorescence or radioactivity will be shown only at the places, where complementary DNA sequences are present. Both of these techniques can be used to diagnose infections.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 4MC
Vectors are small enough to manipulate outside a cell:
The DNA molecules that are used as vectors are small. If they are large it will be difficult to manipulate them in the laboratory. Thus, the vectors are small to facilitate their manipulation in-vitro. Hence, the option (a) is correct.
Vectors contain a recognizable genetic marker:
The vectors carry vehicles of the desired DNA fragment. To identify the cells that contain the desired DNA fragment, it is necessary to identify the presence of vector in the cell. So, the vectors contain genetic markers like antibiotic resistance, coding for unique enzymes, radioactive labels, and fluorescent labels. Hence, the option (b) is correct.
Vectors survive inside cells:
Vectors are vehicles of the desired DNA fragment. They should be stable until the purpose of the desired DNA fragment is fulfilled. So, the vectors are stable and survive inside the host cell. Plasmids make good vectors. Hence, the option (c) is correct.
Vectors must contain genes for self-replication:
Vectors are usually meant for gene expression. Thus, the vectors must contain promoter. They can replicate along with the host genome. So, it is not necessary that the vectors must compulsorily contain genes for self-replication. Vectors are the vehicles used to deliver a foreign gene into a cell.
Hence, the correct option is (d) Vectors may not contain genes for self-replication.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 4MTF
In genetic modification protoplast fusion is used:
Explanation
Protoplast is a cell without cell wall. When two such cells encounter each other, their cytoplasmic membranes may fuse resulting in a single cell. The resultant cell will contain the genomes of both the cells. Moreover, this causes a chance in recombining of two DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules from the fused cells. Thus, a recombinant DNA molecule is formed and the resultant recombinant DNA molecule leads to genetic modification of particular cell.
Hence, the given statement, protoplast fusion is often used in the genetic modification of plants, is True.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 4SA
Gene library:
It is a collection of bacterial or phage clones containing either all the genes of the entire genome of an organism or cDNA (complementary deoxyribonucleic acid) that is complementary to the organism’s mRNA (mitochondrial ribonucleic acid).

• A clone contains a single gene of the entire organism’s genome and it is like a book in the library.
• A clone in a gene library can be created by making the DNA into fragments by using restriction enzymes. The desired fragments are selected and inserted into the vectors. Such vectors are introduced into the host cells.
• The recombinant cells are identified after growing on culture media. Each type of recombinant cells will represent a clone. This clone will contain the desired DNA fragments.
• Once a recombinant clone has been placed in the gene library, it will be made available to all the investigators. This saves their time and effort required to isolate that gene. Thus, it is very useful.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 5CT
HhaI restriction enzyme is derived from Haemophilus haemolyticus. It cuts the Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA sequence at the sites as indicated below:
G-C-G-C
C-G-C-G
By cutting at these sites, fragments having sticky ends will be produced, as this is a staggered cut. The fragments produced will be as follows:
G- -C-G-C
C-G-C- -G
The sticky ends produced by this enzyme are having only two nucleotides. These ends have the capability of rejoining or bind to other complementary nucleotide sequence. This enzyme can be used to construct recombinant DNA molecules.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 5MC
Gel electrophoresis:
The method of separation and analyzation of the macromolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and charges is called as gel electrophoresis. A mixture of DNA fragments is placed at one end of the porous agarose gel and an electric voltage is applied to the gel. It is the technique used to separate DNA fragments basing on their electrical charge, size and shape. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
Electroporation:
It is the technique used to introduce DNA from the environment into the cells by using an electrical current. The plant cells are exposed to electric field in order to generate holes in the cell membrane. The new DNA is then transferred via the holes. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.
Reverse transcription:
The process of synthesizing a DNA gene from an RNA template is called reverse transcription. In this process, reverse transcriptase is used. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
The recombinant DNA technique that is used to replicate copies of a DNA molecule is PCR. Polymerase chain reaction is the technique used to produce a large number of identical copies of DNA in a laboratory. This can be automated by using a thermocycler.
Hence, the correct option is (a) PCR, which is the recombinant DNA procedure for replicating copies of DNA molecule.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 5MTF
Gel electrophoresis is not used in DNA microarrays:
Explanation
In gel electrophoresis, agarose gel acts as a molecular sieve and separates the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) fragments basing on their electrical charge, size, and shape. DNA microarray consists of single-stranded DNA immobilized on a substrate. This is usually used to identify specific DNA sequences. Fluorescently labeled single-stranded DNA is allowed to bind to their complementary sequences, which are the desired DNA sequences.
Hence, the given statement, gel electrophoresis is used in DNA microarrays, is False.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 5SA
Recombinant DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) technology is a collection of tools or techniques used to manipulate organism’s genome. It has vast applications like gene mapping, medical, and agricultural applications.
Besides applications, it is facing many problems. The three potential problems of recombinant DNA technology are as follows:

1. Concern over the accidental release of altered organisms into the environment:
   As recombinant DNA technology is developing, the focus on it is increasing. The government is imposing pressure on the laboratories for its development. Due to this, the accidental release of altered organisms into the environment is lacking interest.
2. Ethics of altering animals for human use:
   Recombinant DNA technology is solely used for developing products useful to the mankind. This involves altering the animals for human use. The animals’ value is being decreased. Only human is given importance.
3. Potential for creating genetically modified biological weapons:
   Recombinant DNA technology is intended to produce beneficial crops and animals. Sometimes, this may get reversed. This results in the creation of biological weapons, which are more infective and more resistant to treatment. An example of this is Bacillus anthracis spores, which are used in bioterrorist attack.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 6CT
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) of DNA is similar to bacterial population growth.
Every cycle of PCR doubles the number of DNA.
The number of DNA molecules present at the end of all the PCR cycles can be calculated by using the formula:
N = X × 2 ⁿ
Where, N = Total number of double stranded Deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) molecules formed after the completion of the respective cycles of PCR,
X = Starting number of dsDNA molecules and
n = Number of PCR cycles.
The number of DNA molecules present after 15 cycles of PCR starting with 15 dsDNA molecules will be:
N = X × 2ⁿ
N = 15 × 2¹⁵
= 15 × 32768
= 491520
In total, 491520 dsDNA molecules will be present after the completion of 15 cycles of PCR started with 15 DNA helices.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 6MC
Southern blotting:
In this method, the DNA fragments from agarose gel are transferred to nitrocellulose membrane. Later, specific sequences are identified by using probes. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.
Reverse transcription:
The process of synthesizing a DNA gene from an RNA template is called reverse transcription. In this process, reverse transcriptase is used. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
Restriction enzymes:
Restriction enzymes cut the double stranded DNA at the recognition sites. The enzymes cut DNA molecules at specific restriction sites and produce sticky or blunt ends. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
DNA microarray:
DNA microarray consists of single-stranded DNA molecules immobilized on a substrate. This is used to monitor, which genes are transcribing at a particular time in a cell. For this, fluorescently labeled cDNA strands are allowed to bind to complementary sequences on the DNA microarray. The sites of fluorescence reveal the genes that are transcribing at that particular time. Thus, in monitoring gene expression in a yeast cell, DNA microarray is most useful.
Hence, the correct option is (c) DNA microarray.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 7CT
In the gene TACAATCGCATTGAA, the codons are TAC, AAT, CGC, ATT and GAA. In these codons, the fourth codon (ATT) is complementary to the translation termination codon UAA (ochre).
Thus, the Ribonucleic acid (RNA) containing the anticodon UAA could be used to stop translation directly of that particular gene.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 7MC
In the study of genomics, sequencing of fluorescent nucleotide bases is used regularly.
Fluorescent nucleotide bases are sequenced:
In a cDNA, the nucleotides are labeled with fluorescent dyes. The four nucleotides are labeled with different color. Automated DNA sequencer determines the sequence basing on the colors emitted by the nucleotides. This sequencing and analysis of nucleotides is involved in genomics.
Hence, the option (c) is correct.
Clones are selected using a vector with two genetic markers:
Recombinant clones can be identified easily when vectors with two genetic markers are used. For example, the genetic markers are antibiotic resistance. Then, the cells will be grown on the media containing both the antibiotics. The cells which grow on such media will be the recombinant cells. This selection is based on phenotypic character.
Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.
Genes are inserted to produce an antigenic protein from a pathogen:
A pathogenic cell can be made capable to produce an antigenic protein by using recombinant DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) technology. The gene that is coding for the antigenic protein is inserted into the cell. This will be a development for phenotypic character.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
Defective organs are replaced with those made in animal hosts:
By using tissue culture technique, animal organs can be propagated. These propagated in animal hosts. These organs can be used as a replacement for the defective organs in the animals.
Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Since, the study of genomics involves the sequencing and analysis of fluorescent nucleotide bases, the correct option is (c) Fluorescent nucleotide bases are sequenced.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 8CT
A particular congenital disease is caused by synthesis of a protein, which is produced by a mutated gene. In such cases, researchers use gene therapy to prevent translation of that particular protein.
Some of the genetically defective cells are removed from the patient. These defective cells are those that produce defective protein.
The genes responsible for production of defective protein will be removed. These genes are replaced by normal genes. The cells containing the normal genes will be replaced in the patient.
The vectors can be used to deliver genes directly into the target cells within the patients.
This will result in the removal of the defective genes, thereby, preventing the translation of the defective protein.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 8MC

• Restriction enzyme HhaI cuts the DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence.
  Restriction enzymes cut the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule at specific restriction sites. After cutting, the DNA ligase will ligate the fragments. Meanwhile, the fragments may be exchanged.
• Thus, the restriction enzymes are participating in recombining DNA molecules. But, they alone cannot recombine DNA. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.
• Every restriction enzyme cuts the DNA molecule at specific nucleotide sequences. Such sites are called restriction sites. The sequences at these restriction sites are usually palindromes.
• The ends produced after cutting will be either sticky or blunt. This is based on the type of cut. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
• Restriction enzyme HhaI is likely derived from Haemophilus influenzea is incorrect statement. Restriction enzyme HhaI is derived from Haemophilus haemolyticus. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.
• As only one option is correct, the option (d) all of the above is incorrect.
• Since, the restriction enzyme HhaI cut DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence, the correct option is (b) cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequence.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 9MC
The recombinant DNA technology that involves the production of a distinct pattern of DNA fragments on a gel is genetic fingerprinting.
Genetic fingerprinting:
DNA fingerprinting involves producing multiple copies of the sample DNA by using PCR. These copies of DNA are made into fragments by adding restriction enzymes. The resultant fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis to produce a unique pattern. These patterns are compared with that of known fingerprints.
Hence, the option (a) is correct.
Gene therapy:
Diseases can be cured by using gene therapy. For this, the defective cells from the patients are isolated. Then the defective genes in the cell are replaced by normal genes. Now these cells are replaced into the patient.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
Genetic screening:
Viral DNA sequences in a patient’s blood or other tissues can be identified by genetic screening. Moreover, it can identify the disease even before the patient show any symptom.
Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.
Protein synthesis:
The process of synthesizing a polypeptide chain from an RNA template is called as translation. After this, post-translational modifications take place to make the polypeptide chains into active proteins.
Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Hence, the correct option is (a) genetic fingerprinting, which is the technique that involves the production of a distinct pattern of DNA fragments on a gel.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 8 Answers 10MC
A DNA microarray consists of single-stranded DNA localized on a substrate.
Single-stranded DNA localized on a substrate:
A DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) microarray consists of single-stranded DNA molecules immobilized on glass slides, silicon chips, or nylon membranes. Fluorescently labeled single-stranded DNA will adhere to the complement strand. Hence, the option (d) is correct.
A series of clones containing the entire genome of a microbe:
The collection of clones containing the entire genome of an organism is called a gene library. It may also contain the set of cDNA (complementary DNA) that is complementary to the organism’s mRNA. Each clone of this will represent a gene. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.
Recombinant microbial cells:
Recombinant microbial cells are those that carry recombinant DNA usually in a vector. These are meant for fulfilling the purpose of recombinant DNA technology. Hence, this option (b) is incorrect.
Restriction enzymes fragments of DNA molecules:
Restriction enzymes cut the DNA molecules and produce double-stranded DNA fragments with sticky or blunt ends. Such DNA molecules are useful in forming recombinant DNA molecules. As the fragments double-stranded, they are not directly useful in identifying specific sequences. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.
Hence, the correct option is (d) single-stranded DNA localized on a substrate. A DNA microarray consists of single-stranded DNA localized on a substrate.