Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Answers

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 1CM
The following concept map shows how different organisms are related in the study of microbiology.
Here,
DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA-ribonucleic acid

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 1CT
Bacillus anthracis is a bacterium that causes disease called anthrax. It was first observed by the Koch, when he examined the infected blood of animals and found a rod shaped bacterium forming chains. He observed that the endospores within the bacterial cells, when injected in to mice, produced anthrax.
Anthrax primarily affects herbivorous animals. It is mainly infected by spores from the soil. Bacillus anthracis have an outer layer containing endospores. The endospores outer layer is made up of D-glutamic acid, which disguises the bacterium from immune surveillance. Due to this reason white blood cells are unable to destroy the endospores.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 1FB
The outer most electron of an atom is known as valence electron. The outer most shell of an atom is known as valence shell. The valence of an atom is defined as its joining capacity.
The valence shell is considered positive when it contains an extra electron to give up. The valence shell that has space to fill in electrons is considered as negative.
For example, calcium atom has two electrons in its valance shell, thus having a valence of +2. The oxygen has two spaces to fill its valence shell, thus having a valance of -2.
Hence, the correct option is valence shell.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 1MC
b. Neutrons
Niels H.D.Bohr was a Danish physicist. In 1913, he identified a simple model that has negatively charged subatomic particles known as electrons, which orbits a centrally located nucleus like planets in a miniature solar system. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons. Neutrons are subatomic particles with no electric charge. Neutrons play a key role in the production of nuclear power.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
c. Electrons
Niels H.D.Bohr was a Danish physicist. In 1913, he identified a simple model that has negative charged subatomic particles known as electrons, which orbits a centrally located nucleus like planets in a miniature solar system.
Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.
d. Ions
An atom in which the total number of electrons is unequal to the total number of protons (either positive or negative electrical charge) is known as ion. If the neutral atom losses electron, it gains positive charge, is known as cation. An atom that gains electron and contain negative charge, is known as anion.
Hence, the correct option is (b) neutrons.

1. Polar covalent bonds,
2. Non-polar covalent bonds,
3. Ionic bonds.

1. Polar covalent bonds: electrons with unequal sharing between two atoms of a covalent bond are known as polar covalent bond. For example: Water molecule.
2. Non-polar covalent bond: chemical bond between atoms with similar electro- negativities is known as non-polar covalent bond. Hydrogen molecule, oxygen molecule and methane formaldehyde are few examples of non-polar covalent bonds.
3. Ionic bonds: The formation of a chemical bond through an electrostatic attraction between positive and negatively charged ions is known as Ionic bond. Sodium chloride & sodium iodide are the examples of Ionic bond.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 2CT
Dehydrogenation is a process of removal of hydrogen from a molecule. In this chemical reaction saturated fatty acid is converted into unsaturated fatty acid. In this reaction, the removal of hydrogen creates double, or triple bonds between the carbon atoms in the fatty acid.
Due to the presence of double or triple bonds, it is considered as unsaturated. So, the name dehydrogenation is appropriate for this chemical reaction.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 2FB
The type of chemical bond between atoms with nearly equal electro-negativities is called a non-polar covalent bond.
Explanation:
The attraction between the atom and electrons is known as electronegativity. So, greater the electronegativity of the atom, greater will be the attraction towards the electron. The bonds are equally shared among the electrons. In these atoms with equally shared electro-negativities, the electrons spend equal amounts of energy and time.
In addition, no poles are found. Thus, chemical bond between the atoms with similar electro negativities is known as non-polar covalent bond. Examples are hydrogen-hydrogen, oxygen-oxygen and hydrogen-oxygen.
In case of hydrogen-hydrogen, each of the atoms requires another electron to have stability and to fill vacant valence shell. Here, the two atoms form a covalent bond by sharing their electrons.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 2MC
b. Electrons
Niels H.D.Bohr was a Danish physicist. In 1923, he identified a simple model that has negatively charged subatomic particles known as electrons. It has negative charge. It is less massive with 0.00054 Daltons mass. Since the contribution of Electrons to the overall mass is negligible they are ignored during the atomic mass discussions.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
c. Isotopes
Isotopes are the atoms of an element that differ only in the number of neutrons in their nuclei. Every isotopes of a given element has different atomic mass number. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.
d. Protons and Neutrons
Niels H.D.Bohr was a Danish physicist. In 1913, he identified a simple model that has negatively charged subatomic particles known as electrons, which orbits a centrally located nucleus like planets in a miniature solar system. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons.Protons are subatomic particles with positive electric charge. Neutrons are subatomic particles with no electric charge. Neutrons play a key role in the production of nuclear power Protons and neutrons each have 1 atomic mass unit that is also known as dalton. The atomic mass of an atom most closely approximates the sum of the masses of all its protons and neutrons.
Hence, the correct option is (d) Protons and Neutrons.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 2SA

• Most of the organisms consist of 50-99% of the water in their mass. Water molecule has two polar covalent bonds that allow hydrogen bonding between water molecules and their neighbors.
• Water molecules are cohesive; they stick to one another through hydrogen bonding. Surface tension is a special characteristic of water that allows forming a thin layer on the surface of cells, which helps in transportation of dissolved materials into and out of a cell.
• It is an excellent solvent. It dissolves salt and electrically charged molecules due to its attraction towards both negative and positive charges.
• The liquid state of water remains the same across varied temperature levels unlike other molecules of its size. All living things require water in liquid form.
• It absorbs heat energy even without changing its own temperature. This absorbed heat energy is released, and evaporated on heating the water molecules.
• These properties help in moderating the temperature fluctuations, which controls the damage of organisms.
• Water molecules involve in many chemical reactions with in cells. They act as reactants in hydrolysis and products of dehydration synthesis.
• These are the properties of the water that is important to life.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 3CT
The H⁺ represents both hydrogen ion and proton. In chemistry,H⁺ represents hydrogen ion. In physics, H⁺ is represented as proton. Protons are subatomic particles with positive electric charge.
Both hydrogen ion and proton are oxidatively same. H₃O⁺ is denoted as the hydrated form of the proton. When a proton mixes with water molecule it forms the hydrogen ion. So, the two freshmen are correct.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 3FB
The principal short-term energy storage molecule in cells is Adenosine triphosphate.
Explanation:
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a most important short term energy storage molecule in cells. It is one of the nucleoside triphosphate that is used as coenzyme in the cells. It is also used in signal transduction as a substrate with the help of kinases, which phosphorylates lipids and proteins.
When ATP phosphate bonds are broken, most of the energy is released by the phosphate bonds other than covalent bonds. So, the phosphate-phosphate bonds of ATP are called as high energy bonds.
Cells used structural ATP molecule in the form of coenzymes. Phosphate bonds of ATP are mainly used in synthesis reaction, locomotion and transportation of substances into and out of the cells.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 3MC
b. The number of electrons
Niels H.D.Bohr was a Danish physicist. In 1913, he identified a simple model that has negatively charged subatomic particles known as electrons, which orbit a centrally located nucleus like planets in a miniature solar system. Isotopes are having same number of electrons.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
c. The number of neutrons
Niels H.D.Bohr was a Danish physicist. In 1913, he identified a simple model that has negatively charged subatomic particles known as electrons which orbits a centrally located nucleus like planets in a miniature solar system. The nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons.
Isotopes are the atoms of an element in that only the number of neutrons differs. Every isotopes of a given element has different atomic mass number. Isotope of iodine is differing from another in the number of neutrons.
d. Atomic number
An atomic number is the number of protons found in the nucleus, and is equal to the number of electrons per atom.Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is (c) The number of neutrons.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 3SA

• Fats are made by the organisms via dehydration reactions, which form esters between three chainlike fatty acids and glycerol. Fats contain high energy, stored in their carbon-carbon covalent bonds.
• They play vital role as energy source in organisms. They are also known as triglycerides. They can be catabolized to provide energy for movement, synthesis and transport.
• Fatty acids are of three types, they are saturated, unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Each fatty acid consists of 12-20 carbon atoms.
• They differ in the presence of double bonds between the carbon atoms.In saturated fatty acids, the single bonded carbon atoms with the exception of the terminal ones are covalently linked by two hydrogen atoms.
• They are found in animals, and are solid at room temperature because fatty acids can be closely packed.
• Unsaturated fatty acids comprise of one or more double bonds between adjacent carbon atoms. They are bent at every double bond so they cannot be packed closely. They remain liquid at room temperature.
• One fatty acid molecule with multiple double bonds is known as poly unsaturated fatty acids. Plants contain fats that are either unsaturated or polyunsaturated.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 4CT

• Proteins are complex organic molecules. They are composed of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. They are structural components in cell walls.
• They are primary structural material of hair, nails, and outer cells of skin, flagella and cilia.They play an important role in chemical reaction as a catalyst by increasing the speed of reaction.
• These catalysts are knows as enzymes. Proteins regulate the cell function.They act as channels and pumps that help in movement of substances in to or out of the cell.
• Proteins like antibodies and complement defend our body against microorganisms.Proteins are composed of hundreds to thousands of amino acids. Protein function is defined by its shape.
• If any interruption is occurred in the shape, disrupts its functionality. Shape is altered by amino acid substitution.
• Physical and chemical factors like heat, pH changes, concentration of salt interfere with hydrogen and ionic bonding that disturbs 3-dimentional structure of proteins. This process is known as denaturation.
• Denaturation of protein disrupts its function and its structure. Due this reason gelatin can be changed back to liquid, but the cooked (heated) egg cannot be brought back to its original form.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 4FB
The most common long-term energy storage molecule is fat.
Explanation:
Fats are made by the organisms via dehydration reactions, which form esters between three chain-like fatty acids and glycerol. Fats contain high energy, stored in their carbon-carbon covalent bonds.
They play a vital role as energy source in organisms. They are also known as triglycerides. They can be catabolized to provide energy for movement, synthesis, and transport.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 4MC
b. Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is an organic compound, and an essential precursor to chemical compounds and other metals.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
c. Water
Water is an essential inorganic compound having special properties like liquidity, solvent nature, and heat absorption and participation in different chemical reactions. It dissolves salts and other electrically charged molecules. Water molecules stick to one another by hydrogen bonding. It is a rich substance present in the organisms.
d. Steroid
It is a group of lipid. It helps in maintaining the structural integrity of membranes during temperature fluctuations. They play important role in the human metabolism. Some of the steroids can act as hormones.Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Water.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 4SA
Oxygen is a major constituent for all living organisms. It is colorless, odorless and tasteless with formula O2. It has strong oxidizing agent. It is a third most abundant molecule in the universe. 21% of oxygen is present in the atmosphere.
Atomic oxygen is very reactive, and it does not exist in nature for long time. The presence of many ultraviolet radiations results 96% of atomic oxygen in low earth orbit atmosphere.
Molecular oxygen is defined as a molecule composed of two oxygen atoms. It is color less, odor less and tasteless. It is present in both ocean and atmosphere.
The main difference between atomic oxygen and molecular oxygen is, atomic oxygen contain many oxygen atoms. Whereas molecular oxygen has many oxygen molecules that are made by two oxygen atoms are bound together.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 5CT
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Cells need proteins to perform all basic functions. Proteins are involved in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) synthesis, cell metabolism, movement, and reproduction. Amino acids can come in one of two forms, L or D form. L and D forms are stereoisomers; the amino acids are mirror images of each other. D form amino acids bend light clockwise and L form amino acids bend light counter clockwise. Cells only use L form amino acids, and thus only make these internally.
In the lab when scientists synthesize amino acids, they come out in both L and D form. However, when cells make amino acids, they only make the form they use, the L form.
If amino acids recovered from space were found in L and D form, scientists would conclude that they were formed from non-metabolic processes, how they are in the lab on earth. However, if amino acids were found only in L form, there may be a possibility of extraterrestrial life being responsible for their creation, like how living things create L form amino acids on earth.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 5FB
Groups of atoms such as NH₂ or OH that appear in certain common arrangements are called functional groups.
Explanation:
Carbon atoms linked together in branched chains, unbranched chains, and in rings to provide the basic frame work of organic molecules. Atoms of other elements attach to these carbon frame work and form many compounds.
Atoms appear in common arrangements, which are known as functional group.
For example: –NH₂ is the amino functional group, present in all amino acids and –OH, the hydroxyl amino functional group found in all alcohols.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 5MC
a. Nonpolar covalent bond
The atoms are attracted for electrons; this attraction is known as electro negativity. Sharing of valance electrons by combining atoms to fill valance shells is known as chemical bond. Chemical bond between atoms with similar electro negativities is known as non-polar covalent bond. Examples are hydrogen-hydrogen, oxygen-oxygen and hydrogen-oxygen. They are relatively strong bonds. These bonds are not present in a molecule of water.
Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.
b. Polar covalent bond
Sharing a pair of electrons by two atoms is known as a covalent bond. In a polar covalent bond two atoms share electrons unequally. Water molecule is an example of polar covalent bond. They are relatively strong bond.
c. Ionic bond
The formation of a chemical bond through an electrostatic attraction between positive and negatively charged ions is known as Ionic bond. Sodium chloride and sodium iodide are the examples of compound having Ionic bond. These bonds are not present in a molecule of water.
Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.
d. Hydrogen bond
It is the electromagnetic attraction between polar molecules. In this bond electropositive hydrogen atom binds to highly electronegative atoms like oxygen, fluorine, and nitrogen. These bonds are not present in a molecule of water.
Hence, the correct answer is option (b) polar covalent bond.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 5SA
Most of the organisms consist of 50-99% of the water in their mass. Water molecule has two polar covalent bonds that allow hydrogen bonding between water molecules and their neighbors.
Water molecules are cohesive; they stick to one another through hydrogen bonding. It gives many special characteristics of water like surface tension that allows forming a thin layer on the surface cells.
Water is an excellent solvent. It dissolves salts and electrically charged molecules. Polarity of water molecules makes water an excellent solvent.
It absorbs heat energy. While heating the water molecules, they are eventually evaporated and absorb energy. Water can be involved in many chemical reactions with in cells.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 6CT
Base is a molecule, which binds with H⁺ when dissolved in water. Some are divided into cations and hydroxyl ions (OH-). Bases like house hold ammonia (NH3) is directly accepting hydrogen ion to form NH4⁺.
Common households like tooth paste is used for the treatment of bees and wasps poison. It resolves the symptoms quickly. Vinegar paste and baking soda are also used, as they help to neutralize the poison.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 6FB
The reverse of dehydration synthesis is hydrolysis.
Explanation:
In the reaction of synthesis, either the resulted product is large or forms complex molecules. Synthesis reaction in biochemistry is often considered as dehydration synthesis. In the reaction of dehydration synthesis, water molecule is formed by the combination of two small molecules with the help of a covalent bond.
The reverse of dehydration synthesis is known as hydrolysis. Hydrolysis is a common type of decomposition reaction in biochemistry. In hydrolysis reaction, a covalent bond in a large molecule is broken and ionic components of water are added to the products.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 6MC
b. Ionically bonded
Giving up of electrons from one atom to another atom is known as ionic bond. Example is sodium-chlorine; it is relatively weaker than covalent bond in aqueous environments. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
c. Electrolytes
An anion is an atom having an extra electron and gains negative charge. A cation has lost an electron and gains positive charge. The ionic bonding between these two types of ions makes salt. When cations and anions of salts dissociate from one another, and become hydrated, they are known as electrolytes.
Electrolytes stabilize various compounds, carry electrons and allow electrical gradients to exist within the cell. In water, anions and cations of salts disassociate from one another, and become surrounded by water molecules. In this state the ions are known as electrolytes.
d. Hydrogen bonds
It is the electromagnetic attraction between polar molecules. In this bond electropositive hydrogen atom binds to highly electronegative atoms like oxygen, fluorine, and nitrogen. These bonds are not present in a molecule of water.
Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Electrolytes.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 7FB
Reactions that release energy are called exothermic reactions.
Explanation:
Reactions that release energy are known as exothermic reactions. Exothermic means outside heating. Thus energy is released in the form of heat or sound or electricity or light.
In reverse synthesis reaction, the bond is broken between larger molecules to form small atoms, ions, and molecules. This process is termed as decomposition reaction. These reactions release more energy and are exothermic in action.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 7MC
b. Glucose + ATP → glucose phosphate + ADP
It is an exchange reaction. It is similar to both decomposition and synthesis reactions. It forms covalent bonds and involve in endothermic, and exothermic reactions. In this reaction, atoms move from one molecule to another molecule. Above reaction represents the phosphorylation of glucose.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
c. 6H₂0 + 6CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
It is a synthesis reaction. It forms large and complex molecules. They require energy to break bonds in the reactants and form product. Above reactions represents an algae making their own glucose. In this reaction six water molecules plus six carbon dioxide molecules yield one molecule of glucose and six molecules of oxygen.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
d. A + BC → AB + C
It is an exchange reaction. It is similar to both decomposition and synthesis reactions. It forms covalent bonds and involve in endothermic, and exothermic reactions. In this reaction atoms are move from one molecule to another molecule.Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is (a) 6H₂0 + 6CO₂ → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 8FB
All chemical reactions begin with reactants and result in new molecules called products.
Explanation:
Bonding or breaking of the chemical bonds is known as chemical reactions. In this process, reactants are changed into the products. The reactants are those that exist at the beginning of the reaction in the form of atoms, ions, or molecules. All chemical reactions result in the formation of products.
The atoms, molecules or ions are left after the reactions are known as products. Reactants and products are different in their physical and chemical characteristics.
For example: – hydrogen and oxygen are gases that possess different properties. The numbers of these atoms never change in chemical reaction. Atoms are neither destroyed nor created, but can only be rearranged.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 8MC
A carbonated cola beverage has a pH of 2.9, which means it is acidic. Acidic solutions have high concentrations of hydrogen ions, and low pH.
The answer is choice (a), It has a relatively high concentration of hydrogen ions.
Choice (b) would mean that the solution is basic, which is not true since the cola has a pH of 2.9. Choice (c) would mean that solution is neutral, since hydroxyl ions and hydrogen ions balance each other out to make water. Choice (d) is also incorrect since cola has a low pH and must not have a buffer.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 9FB
The pH scale is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.
Explanation:
Hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is measured by using logarithmic pH scale. The term pH comes from potential hydrogen. When acidity increases, then pH value decreases. Each decrease in the total number of pH indicates a 10-fold increase in the acidity.
For example: A glass of grape juice contains pH of 3.0 that is ten times as many hydrogen ions as the same volume of tomato juice, which has a pH of 4.0. Tomato juice is thousand times more acidic than pure water, which has a pH of 7.0. Water is neutral because it dissociates into one hydrogen Cation and one hydroxyl anion.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 9MC
b. Fatty acids
Molecules formed from glycerol and three chainlike fatty acids are known as fats. Three types of fatty acids are found in nature, they are saturated, unsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acids. More number of hydrogen atoms is present in the structural formulas of saturated fatty acids than the unsaturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds. Poly unsaturated fatty acids as the name suggests have several double bonds. Proteins are not made up of fatty acids.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
c. Nucleic acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two types of nucleic acids. They are very important for the cells and viruses. They are un-branched macro molecular polymers of nucleotides. Proteins are not made up of nucleic acids.
Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.
d. Monosaccharide
Monosaccharide is a simple sugar, which cannot be broken down by hydrolysis. They are white crystal solids having sweet taste. They are organic compounds that are soluble in water.
Example of monosaccharide is glucose and fructose. Proteins are not made up of monosaccharides.
Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is option (a) amino acids.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 10FB
A nucleic acid containing the base uracil would also contain ribose sugar.
Explanation:
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two types of nucleic acids. They are the important regulatory molecules in the cells and viruses. They are un-branched macro molecular polymers of nucleotides. Each of them is composed of ribose sugar or deoxyribose, ionized polymers, and nitrogenous base. Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil are the five different bases available. DNA consists of A, G, C, and T nucleotides.
Nucleotide composed with ribose and uracil is a uracil RNA nucleotide or uracil ribonucleotide. A nucleotide made of adenine and deoxyribose is an adenine DNA nucleotide or adenine deoxyribonucleotide.
Ribose sugar is a main component of the nucleic acids, nucleotides, ATP (Adenosine triphosphate), chemicals, enzymes and vitamins. It is found in D-ribose. RNA is a nucleic acid based on the ribose sugar. The RNA component helps in genetic transformation. It is essential for all living organisms.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 2 Answers 10MC
b. Carbohydrates
They are organic molecules composed of atoms of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. They contain equal number of oxygen and carbon atoms, and many hydrogen atoms. They play important role in organisms. Carbohydrates like glucose are used for long-term storage of chemical energy. Monosaccharide, disaccharides and poly saccharides serve as energy sources, structural molecules and recognition sites during inter cellular interactions. All carbohydrates are not hydrophobic molecules.
Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.
c. Lipids
They are a diverse group of organic macro molecules, which are not composed of regular subunits. They are hydrophobic (insoluble in water) macro molecules. Lipids do not have affinity towards water because they are composed of carbon, and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds; they have no attraction to the polar bonds of water molecule. Fats, phospholipids, waxes and steroids form the four major groups of lipids in cell.
d. Nucleic acids
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid) are the two types of nucleic acids. They are very important for the cells and viruses. They are un-branched macro molecular polymers of nucleotides. Nucleic acids are hydrophilic in nature.Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.
Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Lipids.