Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Answers

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 1CM
Clostridium sp. is one of the most dangerous microbial strains, that could be potentially life threatening. It is highly important that persons should be properly immunized and vaccinated to prevent the after effects of Clostridium infection.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 1CT
Key to identify genera of Gram-positive cocci:
Due to biochemical aspects of the microorganisms, the genera could be aligned in various groups. Each group can be sorted out with the occurrence of the gram-positive bacteria. So, the following key is built to represent the key to identify the genera of Gram-positive cocci:

Key to identify the Gram-positive bacilli:
Methodology to identify the gram-positive bacilli includes tests on endospore. If it is negative in the test, it is filamentous. If it is tested positive, it is strict anaerobe. In case of further tests on strict anaerobe, the positive test leads to the identification of clostridium and negative leads to the identification of bacillus.
In case of filamentous bacteria, the further test leads production of cold tolerated species and acid-fast bacteria. It continues till the identification of mycobacterium with positive test results and Nocardia with negative test results under Cords. The species, Corynebacterium is identified under snapping division.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 1M
Scaled skin syndrome is a characteristic feature of Staphylococcus species. It is a cutaneous disease. In scale skin syndrome, skin near the mouth reddens and spreads to other parts of the body. This would be followed by the formation of large blisters that contain clear fluid devoid of any bacteria. As a result of the infection, the outer skin gets peeled off within two days of incubation. It is only from the secondary infections the scale skin syndrome becomes more dangerous. Thus, it could be ascertained that Scale skin syndrome could be matched only with Stapylococcus, the causative organism.
Hence, the correct match for scale skin syndrome is (A) Staphylococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 1MC

• Streptococcus sanguis are members those are primarily attached to the teeth causing dental caries. They are opportunistic pathogens. They can cause meningitis and endocarditis, but are hardly associated with food poisoning. Hence, option (a) is the incorrect choice.
• Clostridium perfringens produces 11 different toxins, which are directly and indirectly involved in food poisoning. Though it causes food poisoning, it would last only for about 24 hours, being a benign disorder. Hence, option (b) cannot be the right choice.
• Streptococcus pyogenes infect a host system only if the adapted immune system is too weak also when there is depletion in the normal competing microbiota. The organism is capable of causing scarlet fever, pyoderma, and rheumatic fever among others. Since they are highly opportunistic, they cannot be involved as a causative agent for food poisoning. Therefore, option (d) is incorrect choice.
• Staphylococcus aureus is one of the more common causes of food borne diseases, which invade the human system from partially processed meats, custard pastries, potato salad, and ice cream. Symptoms of S. aureus include nausea, severe vomiting, diarrhea, headache, sweating, and abdominal pain. Thus, option (c) forms the right choice. Hence, the correct answer is option (c) Staphylococcus aureus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 1SA
Mycoplasma contains sterol in their cytoplasmic membranes. The presence of sterol aids in the maintenance of the osmotic pressure of the cell under different environmental conditions, though the cell lacks a rigid outer cell wall. This is the main reason why mycoplasmas were able to survive under different environments even though they lack a rigid cell wall.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 2CT
It should be only through the hospital worker that Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) should have been spread. This is because MRSA has the ability to grow and colonize on the surface of the skin.
Due to this reason, the hospital worker should be highly precautious about the possible infection that he/she could transfer from one patient to another. It is highly advisable that the hospital personnel should aid the use of antiseptic solutions to ensure that he/she does not act as a vector for the transfer of infectious agent.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 2M
The term “Osteomyelitis” refers to inflammation of bone marrow. It occurs when a person is infected with the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. These bacteria can infect persons either through a traumatic wound or through bacteremia. Upon infection, the condition leads to the inflammation of the bone marrow and the surrounding bone. Thus, it could be ascertained that osteomyelitis could be associated with the genus Staphylococcus. Hence, the correct match for Osteomyelitis is (A) Staphylococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 2MC

• S. aureus do possess blood clotting enzyme that would ensure that once the cell is found inside the host, it is kept away from the immune system with help of the clot that surrounds the cell. But, this function does not have any impact in affecting the matrix of the host cell. Hence, option (a) becomes an incorrect choice.
• Hyaluronic acid is a part of the cells of the host system that will not elicit an immune response. Hence, option (c) becomes incorrect.
• S. aureus is not associated with necrotizing factors, but rather it is the Streptococcus pyogenes strain that produces the necrotizing agents, thereby destroying the host cells. This proves that option (d) is incorrect.
• S. aureus produces the enzyme hyaluronidase, which would dissolve the cell wall of the matrix, as the major component of the cell wall of the matrix contains hyaluronic acid. This proves that option (b) is the right choice.
• Thus, the right option is (b) S. aureus produces an enzyme that dissolves hyaluronic acid and thus enables it to pass between the cells.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 2SA
Mycobacterium avium-intercellulare was considered harmless and was found prevailing in the respiratory microbiota. The organism behaved as an opportunistic pathogen in patients suffering from human immunodeficiency virus infection, whose immune system is suppressed. Thus, the organism is said to have gained entry into the host system through contaminated food or water, due to the absence of both cell mediated and humoral immunity.
On entry, the organism is said to have behaved like a pathogen (more correctly an opportunistic pathogen). During acute infection stages, the organism is said to be well packed inside every cell giving almost about thousand microbes per milliliter. Thus, organism acts ultimately leading to multiple organ failure.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 3CT
Streptococcus pneumonia is supposed to be the agent causing pneumonia, which is capable of eliciting a fatal attack on age old people.
The causal organism of pneumonia could be restricted by the usage of antimicrobials including erythromycin and cephalosporin. Most of the organisms are still susceptible against penicillin as well.
Pneumovax, a vaccine could be incorporated into the old man in order to elicit an immune response against the organism Streptococcus pneumonia. This could be used as an option to put the old man in some sort of safety but at the same time it should be noted that to his age he is not supposed to develop a protective immunity against the organism.
No. The organism could deteriorate the health of old people and others who have contradicted other respiratory disease. At the same time, it cannot have a similar fatal symptomatic effect on younger populations.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 3M
Pharyngitis is also known as “strep throat” named after the genus Streptococcus, which is the actual causal agent. The condition is typically accomplished by the inflammation of the pharynx accompanied by fever, malaise, and headache. This makes sure that pharyngitis is caused by the organisms belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Hence, the correct match for Pharyngitis is (B) Streptococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 3MC

• Impetigo is a condition that is common among kids whose immune system is yet to be fully developed. Such a condition is a part of the cutaneous disease, thus making option (a) as the incorrect choice.
• An infection of hair follicle in which the base of the follicle becomes red, swollen, and pus filled is termed folliculitis. The condition is a part of the cutaneous disease, thus making option (b) as the incorrect choice.
• Carbuncle is formed as a result of merging of several furuncles. The furuncles are large boils surrounding the tissue, which is a painful nodular extension forming a part of the cutaneous disease. Hence, option (c) is the incorrect choice.
• The toxic shock syndrome is a systemic disease caused through the infection of Staphylococcus aureus. The toxic shock syndrome toxin when produced by the organism in the wound area gets absorbed in to the blood, the systemic condition of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome occurs. The condition is characterized by fever, vomiting, red rash, extremely low blood pressure, and loss of sheets of skin. Hence, option (d) is the right choice. Thus, the right answer is option (d) toxic shock syndrome.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 3SA
Lepromatous leprosy is said to be more virulent than tuberculoid leprosy. In lepromatous leprosy the organism multiplies in skin and nerve cells, thereby gradually destroying the cells leading to loss of facial features, digits, and other body structures. Tuberculoid leprosy, on the other hand, is the non-progressive form of the disease. But, the spots where the infection has occurred would remain affected showing characteristic features of the disease, which includes the loss of sensation at the spot of infection.
Upon infection, the host system responds well to Mycobacterium leprae through its cell mediated immune system, by killing the infected cells; it leads to the formation of lepromatous leprosy. At the same time, when there is a reduction in the cell mediated immune response in the host, it leads to lepromatous leprosy.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 4CT
No. Tetanus toxin cannot be used as an antidote to botulism toxin. Botulism toxin blocks the neural transmitter, acetylcholine producing flaccid paralysis. On the other hand, tetanus toxin interferes with the inhibitory signal that allows muscle contraction. The tetanus toxin cannot counter flaccid paralysis.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 4M
Scarlet fever is often associated with pharyngitis, which again is caused by the organism belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Pharyngitis is accompanied by scarlet fever, provided the infection as a result of the lyophilized strain of Streptococcus. It is after the onset of pharyngitis, the pyrogenic toxins would be released that would end up in forming rashes that begins from the chest and spreads across the body. This proves that scarlet fever is caused by the organism belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Hence, the correct match for scarlet fever is (B) Streptococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 4MC

• S. aureus is the causative agent of bacteremia and pneumonia in adults, but not in neonatal. Hence, option (a) becomes incorrect.
• S. epidermidis is a common skin microbe that is capable of infecting the host under accidental introduction into the system. They are hardly involved in infection of neonatal, thus making option (b) as the incorrect choice.
• S. pyogenes spread from people to people via respiratory droplets, especially under crowded conditions such as those in classrooms. The presence of antibodies in the neonatal from the mother prevents the infection of the opportunistic pathogen that might develop a disease among the adults when there is a lack of competition from other inhabiting microorganisms in the host system. This makes option (c) as the incorrect choice.
• Streptococcus agalactiae is the organism that is often associated with infecting neonatal. They are involved in bacteremia, meningitis, and pneumonia in 3 among 1000 newly born children. This makes sure that option (d) is the right choice. Thus, the right choice is (d) Streptococcus agalactiae.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 4SA
Mycobacterium tuberculosis would be transmitted via aerosol droplets from person-to-person. About 10 bacterial cells are required for establishing an infection in a person. The cells that escape from the infected person would have entered the person nearby by inhalation of the aerosols. Once the cell enters the host system they would be engulfed by the macrophages.
The macrophages would attempt to digest the pathogen through its enzyme, thereby exhibiting the antigen to the helper-T cells for further activation. But the organism that is being engulfed prevents the fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome, thus establishing a dwelling place for them to multiply without being invaded by the host immune system. The bacteria break the macrophage and then reach other macrophages and infect them.
If the businessman who is contradicted by the organism lacks knowledge about the usage of multi drug therapy, or when he does not take the requisite dose of antimicrobial drug, then he is susceptible to the whole effect of the disease. Also there is a chance that the organism might be a multi-drug resistant strain, which accounts for over 10% of death toll. This could be the reason behind the fatality due to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis that led to the death of the Canadian businessman.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 5CT
Cleaning of teeth could lead to removal of the soft tissue surrounding the teeth, which becomes a possible route for the microbes present in the oral cavity to enter into the blood stream. There is a greater chance that even pathogenic microbial strains could gain entry into the blood stream through these gateways. This is the main reason, blood from a person who has cleansed his teeth is refused to be donated.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 5M
Pyoderma is a confided pus producing lesion that is confined to a particular environment at the site of infection. Pyoderma is caused through the infection of Streptococcus. Infection can spread through infected fomites or through direct contact. The pus filled lesion when breaks becomes highly contagious, spreading the lesions. Thus, it could be ascertained that pyoderma is caused as a result of microbes belonging to the genus Streptococcus.
Hence, the correct match for Pyoderma is (B) Streptococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 5MC

• Cutaneous anthrax is characterized by painless, solid, raised nodules ultimately leading to the killing of cells at these infection sites. These nodules then spread to form a painless, swollen, black, crusty ulcer known as eschar. They are a part of both humans, as well as animals, thus making option (a) as the incorrect choice.
• Inhalation anthrax is rare among humans (and animals) and the infection spreads via inhalation of spores. This makes option (b) as the incorrect choice.
• The three major clinical manifestations that could be caused as a result of Bacillus anthracis are cutaneous anthrax, inhalation anthrax, and gastrointestinal anthrax. This shows that option (d) is incorrect.
• Gastrointestinal anthrax is the common phenomenon that affects the animals larger, which is highly rare among humans. It results in intestinal hemorrhaging and eventually death among animals. Thus, option (c) forms the right choice. Thus, the right option is (c) gastrointestinal anthrax.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 5SA
The botulism is a disease caused by the anaerobic, and endospore forming bacteria known as Clostridium botulinum. These bacteria produce the different types of toxins, which are protein in nature.
Botulinum toxins are mainly act on the synaptic clefts, Toxins inhibit the binding of the acetylcholine as a result nerve impulse is arrested. This process mainly affect the neuromuscular junction, therefore the muscle contraction is stopped.
Food stuffs suspected of containing botulism toxin are analyzed through subjecting life mice. Two portions of food one mixed with Clostridium botulinum antitoxin and the other without the antitoxin provided for two different sets of mice. If the mice that received the antitoxin survive, and the other mice that do not receive the antitoxin die, then botulism is confirmed.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 6CT
a) Actinomyces – is characterized by the pus containing bacteria, resembling fungal hyphae.
b) Staphylococcus – as a result of the multiple plane of division, where the cells are aggregated in the form of clusters.
c) Bacillus – Since the cells are not detached, they form as Streptobacillus. They are rod shaped.
d) Mycobacterium – the acid fast bacilli that found it tough to be stained by the gram- staining procedure.
e) Streptococcus – As a result of a single plane of division, the coccus are found growing in one dimension giving a chain like appearance.
f) Clostridium – the cells are characterized by the presence of endospores at one end of the cell to give a characteristic drum stick appearance.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 6M
Pharyngitis occurs as a result of infection with Streptococcus pyogenes. If it is left untreated, it leads to rheumatic fever. The complication is often associated with the inflammation of heart valves and muscles. This shows that rheumatic fever is caused as a result of the organisms belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Hence, the correct match for rheumatic fever is (B) Streptococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 6MC

• Staphylococcus species is a human pathogen that is predominately found near the sebaceous glands. The very nature of the pathogenic status of the organism makes it susceptible to other temperatures and conditions. Hence, option (a) is incorrect.
• Though Mycobacterium species is composed of mycolic acids and cord factor that aids in the pathogenesis, it could not help in the survival of the organism under harsh conditions. Thus it could be ascertained that option (c) is not the right choice.
• Actinomyces species is an opportunistic pathogen, which is a bacterium, stating that it could thrive only when there is no competitive organism in the vicinity. Thus, it could be ascertained that option (d) is not the right choice.
• Clostridium species is known to produce endospores that could be alive for years and could break into vegetative forms after a drought period. Thus, it could be ascertained that this organism could withstand vigorous temperature ranges.
• Hence, option (b) should be the right choice. Thus, the right option is (b) Clostridium.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 6SA
Because infant botulism is often associated with the consumption of honey, parents are advised by the pediatricians not to feed their child with honey. This is because the infant under age one do not possess sufficient microbiota in their system to prevent the action of Clostridium botulinum, they are advised so.
The botulism is a disease caused by the anaerobic, and endospore forming bacteria known as Clostridium botulinum. These bacteria produce the different types of toxins, which are protein in nature.
Botulinum toxins are mainly act on the synaptic clefts, Toxins inhibit the binding of the acetylcholine as a result nerve impulse is arrested. This process mainly affect the neuromuscular junction, therefore the muscle contraction is stopped.
The botulism is a food borne disease; the Clostridium botulinum bacteria are present in the form of endospores. Ingestion of these spores through the food, they accumulated in the gastrointestinal tracts of children’s. Now these endospores compete with the other common microbiota present in the gastrointestinal tracts, for the food and shelter. Sometimes, it leads to the severe illness (or) death of the child’s.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 7M
It is due to some unknown reasons the strains of Streptococci that bound to antibodies are not removed from the circulation through the immune cells. Instead they are found accumulating in the glomeruli of the nephrons in the kidney leading to the condition Glomerulonephritis. This proves that Glomerulonephritis is caused as a result of organisms belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Hence, the correct match for glomerulonephritis is (B) Streptococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 7MC
Pathogenic strains including Staphylococcus species, Mycobacterium species, and Enterococcus species, are organisms where they tend to become resistant to antimicrobial drugs over a period of time. But as and when the antimicrobial drug becomes resistant to one drug, the microbes would be inactivated by other antimicrobial drug. This particular characteristic of microbes becoming resistant to antimicrobial drugs is a common phenomenon and hence all the options (a), (b), and (c) are correct. Thus, the right option is (d) all of the above.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 7SA
The mycoplasmas are smallest free living bacteria, their diameter ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 µm. These bacteria have special characters like, independent growth and reproduction. The mycoplasmas have low G + C content in their genome. Based on their rRNA analysis, genetically they are related to the gram positive category.
Gram stain is done mainly based on the differences in the characteristic features of the cell wall of the organism. While undergoing gram stain, the strains that take a purple color are said to be gram positive and the strains that takes pink color are said to be gram negative organisms. Mycoplasma are said to lack cell wall, which is the reason why it fails to retain the primary purple color, and ultimately taking up the pink color of the secondary stain.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 8M
Inflammation of the nasal sinuses through Streptococcus pneumoniae is termed ‘sinusitis.’ Infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae occurring after a viral infection in the upper respiratory tract leads to this condition. Pus production leads to inflammation and pain in the cavity. This proves that sinusitis is caused as a result of organisms belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Hence, the correct match for sinusitis is (B) Streptococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 8MC

• Streptococcus pyogenes have no effect in support with the formation of pseudomembranous colitis. The organism is capable of causing pharyngitis, scarlet fever, toxic shock like syndrome, and rheumatic fever. Thus, it could be ascertained that option (b) is not the right choice.
• Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare is an opportunistic pathogen that could establish themselves in immune-compromised patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. It would have an adverse effect almost on every organ of the body. Therefore, the option (c) is incorrect.
• Corneybacterium dipthriae causes the fatal disease diphtheria. The bacteria is said to infect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary, and genital tracts. Thus, it could be ascertained that option (d) is not the right choice.
• The disease Pseudomembranous colitis is caused by Clostridium difficile. Pseudomembranous colitis is characterized by the enlargement of sections of colon wall as a result of sloughing off. This would lead to the perforation of the colon walls leading to massive internal infection by fecal bacteria. The condition could also lead to the death. Hence, option (a) is the right choice. Thus, the right option is (a) Clostridium difficile.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 8SA
Pyrogenic toxins initiate the stimulation of macrophages and helper T lymphocytes to release cytokines that in turn stimulate fever, a widespread rash, and shock. Since they are formed near the end of blood capillaries characterized by rashness and dilation, they are also known as erythrogenic toxins.
Pyogenic toxins aids in the formation of pus filled lesion that usually occurs on the exposed skin of the face, arms, or legs. When the pus filled lesion breaks open, it forms a yellow crust.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 9M
Otitis media is another complication caused as a result of Streptococcal pneumoniae. The condition is characterized by the inflammation of the middle ear as a result of pus formation, which would be accompanied with pain. This proves that sinusitis is caused as a result of organisms belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Hence, the correct match for Otitis media is (B) Streptococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 9MC

• Mycoplasmas are genus of microbes that characterized by the absence of cell wall. This shows that option (a) is right choice.
• Since these organisms do not have a definitive cell wall around them, they tend to have a pleomorphic shape. This proves that option (b) is right choice.
• Mycoplasmas contain sterols in their cell structure that provides the osmotic regulation for the microbe, preventing it from the stress caused as a result of osmotic pressure (since cell wall prevents the cell from being under pressure). This proves that option (c) is also right choice.
• Thus, the right option is (d) all of the above.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 9SA
Staphylococcus aureus is normally found in areas where the moisture content is higher whereas Staphylococcus epidermidis is found generally occupying the outer skin or epidermis.
S. aureusis said to be more virulent, which is capable of producing a variety of disease conditions. S. aureusis mainly casus the food poisoning, cutaneous diseases like scaled skin syndrome syndrome, and systemic diseases like toxic shock syndrome extra.
Whereas tie latter cannot show its virulence unless it is left in an immunocompromised individual. This shows that S. epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen and less virulent on compared with S. aureus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 10M
Anthrax is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The organism produces toxins that would lead to apoptosis of the host cell. This makes the organism highly lethal and increases the chance of fatality. The three clinical manifestations of anthrax are gastrointestinal anthrax, cutaneous anthrax, and inhalation anthrax. Thus, it could be ascertained that anthrax is caused as a result of the organism belonging to the genus Bacillus. Therefore, the correct match for anthrax is (G) Bacillus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 10MC

• Tuberculoid leprosy is a non-progressive form of leprosy. Patients whose cell mediated immune response is effective against Mycobacterium leprae are said to exhibit the condition. Thus, option (a) is not the right choice.
• Arrhythmia is caused as a result of infection caused due to S. aureus. The condition is characterized by the attack of lining of the heart by the action of the microorganisms. Thus option (c) cannot be the right choice.
• Tetanus is caused by the organism Clostridium tetani. The disease condition is characterized by the action of the toxin produced by the organism leading to locked jaw (a common characteristic feature of the disease). Thus the option (d) cannot be right choice.
• Diphtheria is characterized by the formation of fluids that gets stored and thickens in to a pseudomembrane. This fluid is said to adhere so tightly to the tonsils, uvula, palate, pharynx, and larynx that cannot be dislodged without causing bleeding. Thus, option (b) becomes the right choice. Thus, the right option is (b) diphtheria.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 10SA
The anthrax is caused by the bacteria, known as Bacillus anthracis. It is a gram positive, rod shaped endospore forming bacteria. This, bacteria produce the different types of toxins, which are protein in nature.
The three types of anthrax diseases are:

• Gastrointestinal anthrax
• Cautious anthrax
• Inhalation anthrax

The gastrointestinal anthrax is most commonly observed in animals, it causes severe intestinal hemorrhaging. The cautions anthrax is mostly evident in human beings, this diseases is painless and mainly damages the skin. The inhalation anthrax is rarely seen in human race, but it mainly affects the lungs.
The number of cases of anthrax reported between January 1976 and September 2001 was a meager 15 cases. Such is the rarity of the disease. Suddenly when scientists confronted with more than a dozen of cases with anthrax, it led to the suspicion that there is a possible terrorist attack during the period.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 11M
Myonecrosis is as a result of invasive infection of the bacterium Streptococcus. The infection is rendered life threatening. This disease condition is characterized by toxemia, failure of many organs and death of more than 50% of patients.
Therefore, the correct match for myonecrosis is (B) Streptococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 11MC

• Mycoplasma lacks cytochrome that forms a part of many of the electron transport chain. Since cytochrome is not a part of the mycoplasma, option (a) is said to be the one which is absent in the mycoplasmal system. Hence, option (a) is said to be the right choice.
• Sterols are present in the cytoplasmic membrane of the mycoplasma. The presence of sterols aids in the maintenance of the osmotic pressure of the organism, even though the cell lacks cell wall. Hence, option (b) becomes the wrong choice.
• UGA codon is used as a stop codon in many other organisms, but the same codon codes for the amino acid tryptophan. Since this is a part of the organism, option (c) becomes the wrong choice.
• The mycoplasmal rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) reveals that the organism is genetically related to gram positive organisms. Since the statement is true, option (d) becomes an incorrect option.
• Hence, the right choice is option (a) cytochromes.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 11SA
Tetanus is caused as a result of the exposure of host to the produced tetanus toxin, known as tetanospasmin. The toxin is a potent neurotoxin released by the cells of Clostridium tetani.
The Clostridium tetani is a motile, endospore forming bacteria. This bacterium usually lives in the soil, dust, human and animal intestines.
Muscular contractions are said to be done by the action of acetylcholine. The skeletal muscles are arranged in opposite sides, with the joint facing each other. These two muscles are not actually in contact with each other, but they would come in contact with the help of the neurotransmitter, known as acetylcholine. When acetylcholine is passed through the ends of the muscles, muscle at the other end contracts.
Tetanospasmin is composed of two protein molecules, among which one is heavier while the other is a lighter molecule. The heavier molecule binds to receptor on a neuron’s cytoplasmic membrane. This leads to the endocytosis of the molecule, where it undergoes proteolytic cleavage releasing the lighter polypeptides.
The lighter polypeptides are transported to the central nervous system. These peptides, restricts the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. With inhibition blocked it leads both the muscle to contract without any regulatory mechanism. This leads to the continuous contraction of the muscles, without relax.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 12M
Corynebacterium diphtheria is transmitted through respiratory droplets or through skin contact from person to person. It is an illness associated with upper respiratory tract. This disease condition is characterized by the symptoms including sore throat, localized pain, fever, pharyngitis, and oozing of fluid. This disease can be prevented using DPT (diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus) vaccine. Therefore, the correct match for diphtheria is (F) Corynebacterium.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 12SA
Mycolic acid is a typical waxy lipid that is found enclosing the Mycobacterium species. Mycolic acid is composed of chains of 60-90 carbon atoms. This is the main reason why they remain without being eliminated even though they encounter phagocytosis by the host immune cells. It also prevents the cell from being dehydrated when exhaled through aerosols. It is the Mycolic acid that prevents the cells from being eliminated and thus could be added as a virulence factor of the organism.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 13M
Leprosy is caused as a result of Mycobacterium leprae. There are two types of leprosy based on the immune response of the patient. Lepromatous leprosy is a highly progressive form of leprosy, which is found in patients with a weak cell-mediated immunity. Tuberculoid leprosy is the non-progressive form of leprosy, where the organism is stopped by the activity of the immune system. Thus, it could be ascertained that leprosy is caused by the organism belonging to the genus Mycobacterium. Hence, the correct match for Leprosy is (C) Mycobacterium.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 13SA
Mycoplasma are bacterial cell that lack a cell wall, hence they tend to become pleomorphic in shape. They are 0.1 µm to 0.8 µm in diameter. Since they lack cell wall, they possess the character of squeezing through bacterial filters which makes it look like a virus.
The distinctive difference between a virus and a mycoplasma is that mycoplasma does not require a live cell to replicate. Mycoplasma contains both functional RNA and DNA that virus lacks. These are some of the differences that differentiate the mycoplasmas from the viruses.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 14M
Dental caries are as a result of action of the bacterium Streptococcus viridans. They stick on to the dental surfaces through the presence of the insoluble polysaccharide, dextran. The presence of dextran allows viridans, as well as, other organisms to populate the area and cause dental plaque through microbial biofilms. Thus, it could be ascertained that the dental carries is caused as a result of the organisms belonging to the genus Streptococcus. Hence, the correct match for Dental caries is (B) Streptococcus.

Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 19 Answers 15M
Acne is caused as a result of the action of Propionibacterium acnes. The organism causes 85% acne in adolescents and young adults. The organism could also act as an opportunistic pathogen when gained entry into the host. Thus, it could be ascertained that acne is as a result of the organism belonging to the genus Propionibacterium. Hence, the correct match for Acne is (E) Propionibacterium.