CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 7

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 7 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 7.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 7

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 7 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Political Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions

• All questions are compulsory.
• Questions nos. 1 to 5 are of 1 mark each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 20 words
• Questions nos. 6 to 10 are of 2 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 40 words
• Questions nos. 11 to 16 are of 4 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 100 words
• Questions nos. 17 to 21 are of 5 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 150 words
• Questions no. 21 is map based question.
• Questions nos. 22 to 27 are of 6 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 150 words.

Question 1.
Which one of the following was not given primacy by the makers of the Soviet System?
(i) Abolition of private property
(ii) Society based on the principle of equality
(iii) No opposition party to be allowed
(iv) No state control over economy.

Question 2.
What does the logo on the ASEAN flag symbolise?

Question 3.
Why is it said that history of petroleum is also the history of war and struggles?

Question 4.
During Nehru era, why did some political parties and groups in our country believe that India should be more friendly with the bloc led by the US?

Question 5.
How did the farmers associated with Bharatiya Kisan Union differ from the most other farmers in India?

Question 6.
What constrained the Super Powers to go for a full-fledged war in spite of having nuclear weapons?

Question 7.
Assess the role of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad towards maintaining communal harmony in India.

Question 8.
Match the following in Column A with those in Column B in a meaningful way.

Question 9.
What was ‘Operation Blue Star’? Why did it hurt the sentiments of the Sikh Community?

Question 10.
Why and how did-the Mizo Movement for succession gain popular support?

Question 11.
Describe India-China relations from 1947 to 1962.

Question 12.
What is Human Rights Watch? Describe its main contribution to the field of Human Rights.

Question 13.
What was the ‘Earth Summit’? How far did the summit prove to be useful? Explain.

Question 14.
Explain any four reasons for the dominance of the Congress Party in the first three general elections in India.

Question 15.
Evaluate the major outcomes of the Indian model of mixed economy.

Question 16.
Examine the conditions responsible for the growth of Naxalite Movement in India. Suggest ways and means to crush it.

Question 17.
Read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.
The value of the ruble declined dramatically. The rate of inflation was so high that people lost all their savings. The collective farm system disintegrated leaving people without food security and the government started to import food. The old trading structure broke down with no alternative in its place. The old system of social welfare was systematically destroyed. The withdrawal of government subsidies pushed large sections of the people into poverty.
(i) What is meant by subsidy?
(ii) How did the disintegration of collective farm system lead to the loss of food security?
(iii) This passage is associated to which country? Why did the government start importing food?

Question 18.
Read the passage given above carefully and answers the following questions:
Globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The primacy of the state continues to be unchallenged basis of political community. The old jealousies and rivalries between countries have not ceased to matter in world politics. The state continues to discharge its essential functions (law and order, national security) and consciously withdraws from certain domains from which it wishes to. States continue to be important. Indeed, in some respects state capacity has received a boost as a consequence of globalisation, with enhanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens.
(i) What are the two most essential functions of the state?
(ii) How do enhanced technologies enable the state to rule better?
(iii) Justify with the help of an example that globalisation gives a boost to the state capacity.

Question 19.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Two developments strained this relationship. China annexed Tibet in 1950 and thus, removed a historical buffer between the two countries. Initially, the government of India did not oppose this openly. But as more information came in about the suppres¬sion of Tibetan culture, the Indian government grew uneasy. The Tibetan spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama, sought and obtained political asylum in India in 1959. China alleged that the government of India was allowing anti-China activities to take place from within India.
(i) What is meant by ‘historical buffer’?
(ii) Why didn’t the government of India oppose the annexation of Tibet by China?
(iii) How far was if”justified on the part of India to grant political asylum to the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refuges?

Question 20.
Study the cartoon given below carefully and answer of the following questions:
(i) Who was head of the government formed by the National Front in 1989?
(ii) Why was the government formed by him called a puppet government?
(ii) Identify the puppeteers pulling the strings and the political parties they belong to.

Question 21.
In the given outline map of South Asia, five countries have been marked as A, B, C, D and E. Identify them on the basis of information given below and write their correct names in your answer book with their respective serial number of the information used and alphabet concerned as per the following format.

(i) The country has experienced civilian as well as military rule both.
(ii) Democracy was restored in this country in 2006.
(iii) This country is still a monarchy.
(iv) The Parliament of this country voted unanimously to introduce multi-party system in June 2005.
(v) This country is a part of India’s ‘Look East Policy’ via Myanmar.

Question 22.
How did the Soviet Union suddenly disintegrate? Explain any six reasons.
OR
Why was the end of the Second World War considered to be the beginning of Cold War? Explain.

Question 23.
“Resistance is the only option available to overcome the hegemony.” Justify the statement by comparing it to other anti hegemony strategies.
OR
Assess the role of ASEAN as an economic association.

Question 24.
Trace the evolution of the United Nations since its establishment in 1945. How does it function with the help of its structures and agencies?
OR
Describe the security challenges faced by the newly independent countries of Asia and Africa after the Second World War

Question 25.
Analyse any six consequences of the partition of India in 1947.
OR
Assess the outcomes of the early phase of planned development in India.

Question 26.
Examine the major changes that the country witnessed at the time of fourth General Election in 1967.
OR
Why is emergency considered to be one of the most controversial episodes in Indian politics? Analyse any three reasons.

Question 27.
Who were Dalit Panthers? Describe their main activities.
OR
Describe the story of Goa’s liberation from the Portuguese to its becoming a state of the Indian Union.

Answers

Answer 1.
(iv) No state control over economy.

Answer 2.
In the ASEAN logo, the ten Stellas of paddy (rice) represent the ten South East Asian countries bound together in friendship and solidarity. The circle symbolises the unity of ASEAN.

Answer 3.
The global economy relied on oil for much of 20th century as a portable and indispensable fuel. The immense wealth related to petroleum which generated political struggles to control it. That’s why it is said that the history of petroleum is also the history of war and struggles.

Answer 4.
During Nehru era, some political parties and groups in India believed that India should be more friendly with the block led by the US because that block claimed to be pre-democracy.

Answer 5.
The farmers associated with the Bharatiya Kisan Union (BKU) were active in the prosperous states of the country. They grew cash crops for the market unlike most of the Indian farmers engaged in agriculture for subsistence.

Answer 6.
It is an organisation who constrain the superpowers to go for a full-fledged war inspite of having nuclear weapons.

Answer 7.
Maulana Abul Kalam played an important role towards maintaining, communal harmony in India. He was the proponent of Hindu-Muslim unity and was opposed to partition of the country.

Answer 8.

Answer 9.
Operation Blue Star was a code name for army action in Golden Temple in June 1984 by Government of India when Sikh militants made their headquarters inside Golden Temple. In this operation, the government could flush out the militants successively.

But it deeply hurt the sentiments of the Sikhs because a large proportion of their community in India saw this operation as an attack on their faith.

Answer 10.
The Mizo movement for secession gained popular support because the Assam government failed to respond adequately to the great famine of 1959 in Mizo hills. It lead to the formation of the Mizo National Front (MNF) under the leadership of Laldenga. In 1966, the MNF began an campaign for freedom. The MNF fought a guerrilla war and got support from Pakistan government and secured shelter in the East Pakistan.

Answer 11.
The relations with China experience friendly gestures from India as India signed popular ‘Panchsheel’ to develop Indo-China relations in 1954 and advocated China’s membership to the United Nations. Still, after 1957, various contentious issues arose in Indo-China relations:

• In 1962, military conflict over a border dispute of MacMohan Line resulted an unwarranted claim by China which now lie in Arunachal Pradesh and Aksai Chin region of Ladakh.
• Differences arose from Chinese take over of Tibet in 1950 which was protested by India against China.
• After Panchsheel, attack by China on India in 1962, to occupy larger territories of India, created humiliation.
• China’s assistance to Pakistan’s nuclear programme also created differences.
• China’s military relations with Bangladesh and Myanmar were viewed as hostile to Indian interests.

All the above mentioned differences/disputes could be resolved for greater cooperation-

• Both the countries should make some more efforts to revive harmonious attitude between themselves. .
• Both the countries should move hand-in-hand to fight against terrorism, nuclear race and economic disparities.
• Both the countries should develop understanding and respect.
• Hence, both of them have signed agreements on cultural exchange and cooperation in science and technology.

Answer 12.
Human Right Watch is the international NGO which is involved in the research and advocacy on Human right. Also, it is the largest international human rights organisation in the United States of America.
Human Rights watch’s main contributions to the field of human rights:

1. It attracts the global media’s attention to human rights abuses.
2. It helped in building international coalitions like the campaigns to ban landmines, to stop the use of child soldiers and to established the international criminal court.
3. It dislikes violations of what it considers basic human rights, which includes capital punishment and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. It also advocates freedoms in connection with fundamental human rights, like freedom of religion and press.

Answer 13.
The ‘Earth Summit’ was a conference on environment and development held in Rio de Janerio, Brazil in June 1992. The increasing focus of this conference was started on the global environment and the relationship between economics, science and the environment in the political context.

It proves to be useful through the following steps :

1. The Rio Summit produced conventions dealing with climate change, biodiversity, forestry and recommended a list of development practices called ‘Agenda 21.’
2. The implementation of‘Agenda 21’ was intended to involve action at international, national, regional and local levels.
3. There was a unanimity on combining economic growth with ecological responsibility. This approach to development is commonly known as ‘sustainable development’.
4. However, some critics indicated that ‘Agenda 21’ was biased in favour of economic growth rather than ensuring ecological conservation.
5. Forest Principles is an informal name given to the Non-legally Binding Authoritative Statement of Principles for a Global Consensus on the Management, Conservation and Sustainable Development of all type of forests. It is a non-legally binding document that makes several recommendations for conservation and sustainable development forestry. In 1994, the Montreal Process was began as a result of the Forest Principles.

Answer 14.

• In the first election, Congress won 364/489 seats as per expectations.
• The Communist Party next to Congress won only 16 seats.
• The Congress scored higher in state elections also except Travancore-Cochin (Kerala), Madras and Orissa.
• Hence, country ruled at national and state level both by declaring Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru as the first Prime Minister of India.
• In second and third elections also, Congress maintained the same position in the Lok Sabha by winning the three fourth seats in the years 1957 and 1962 respectively.

Answer 15.
India was not in favour of the two known paths of development. Also it did not follow the capitalist model of development. In this, development was left entirely to the private sector, nor did it accepted the socialist model in which private property was abolished and all the production was controlled by the state. Elements from both these models were taken and mixed together in India. That is why it was referred to ‘mixed economy.’

Much of the agriculture, trade and industry were left in private hands. The state controlled key (heavy) industry provided industrial infrastructure, regulated trade and made some crucial interventions in agriculture. A mixed model like this was open to criticism from the both sides-the left and the right.

Some critics argued that the planners refused to provide the sector with enough space and the stimulus to grow. The enlarged public sector produced powerful vested interest that created enough hurdles for private capital especially by way of installing systems of licences and permits for investment. The policy of state restricts import of goods and could be produced in the domestic market with little or no competition left the private sector with no incentive to improve their products and make them cheaper.

There were critics who pointed out that the state did not spend any major amount for public education and health care. The state intervened only to those regions where the private sector was not prepared to go. Hence, the state helped the private sector for making profit.

Answer 16.
Conditions responsible for the growth of Naxalite Movement in India: A peasant uprising took place in the Naxalbari police station area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal in 1967. This movement spread very fast to several states and was known as the Naxalite movement. A new party known as the CPI-ML was formed under the leadership of Charu Majumdar. Presently, 83 districts across 10 states (as of July 2011) are affected by Naxalite violence. Most of these are backward areas inhabited by Adivasis. In these areas, the share croppers, under-tenants and small cultivators are denied their basic rights with regard to security to tenure or their share in produce, payment of fair wages, etc. Forced labour, expropriation of resource by outsiders and exploitation by money lenders are also common in these areas. These conditions led to the growth of the Naxalite movement.

Ways and means‘to crush the Naxalite Movement: The Naxalite movement (peasant uprising) started in the Naxalite police station, area of Darjeeling hills district in West Bengal in 1967. The West Bengal government used preventive detention and other strong measures to crush the movement. However, the movement did not stop.

Successive governments have taken various measures to crush the Naxalite movement. So far, thousands of people have lost their lives in the unabated violence by the Naxalites and the anti-Naxalite violence by the government.

Answer 17.

1. Subsidy is the money paid by government to keep the value or price of a product or service low. Producing goods so that their prices can be kept low.
2. Collective farm system was replaced by private farming. Capitalism in agriculture left people without food security. This sudden transition ruled out any alternate other than state controlled socialism or capitalism.
3. This passage is associated with Russia. The govrnment started to import food to make up the shortage of food.

Answer 18.

1. Essential functions of state:
   • Law and order
   • National security
   • With the help of enhanced technologies, state can collect information about its citizens.
   • With this information, the state is better able to rule.
   • Thus, the states become more powerful than they were earlier. ‘
2. Flow of capital from rich countries enables the developing countries to invest in most wanted fields to make their country self-dependent.

Answer 19.

1. ‘Historical buffer’ means any intermediate or intervening shield lying between the two rival or potentially hostile great powers. It is used to prevent conflict between them.
2. The government of India did not oppose the annexation of Tibet by China because when in 1954 the Panchsheel agreement was signed between India and China, through one of its clauses about respecting each other’s territorial sovereignty. India conceded China’s claim over Tibet.
3. Dalai Lama, the Tibetan spiritual leader, came to India in 1956 and informed Nehru about the worsening situation in Tibet. In 1958 there was armed uprising in Tibet against China’s occupation, which was suppressed by Chinese forces and sensing that situation had become worsen in 1959. On this basis it was justified on the part of India to grant political asylum to the Dalai Lama and thousands of Tibetan refugees.

Answer 20.

1. Prime Minister V.P. Singh
2. Because it was the coalition government which was endowed with the outwards symbols of authority, but in which direction and controlled were exercised by the Bharatiya Janata Party and Left Front not by National Front itself. This government was supported by BJP and Left Front.
3. The puppeteers pulling the strings are Jyoti Basu (Left Party) and L.K. Advani (BJP).

Answer 21.

Answer 22.
Six factors responsible for the disintegration of USSR are:

1. The internal weaknesses of Soviet political and economic institutions failed to meet the aspirations of the people.
2. Economic stagnation for many years led to severe consumer shortages and a large section of Soviet society began to doubt and question the system and to do so openly.
3. The Soviet Union had become stagnant in an administrative and political sense as well. The Communist Party that had ruled the Soviet Union for over 70 years was not accountable to the people. Ordinary people were alienated by slow and stifling administration, rampant corruption, the inability of the system to correct mistakes it had made, the unwillingness to allow more openness in government and the centralisation of authority in a vast land.
4. The Soviet economy used much of its resources in maintaining a nuclear and military arsenal and the development of its satellite states in Eastern Europe and within the Soviet system. This led a huge economic burden that the system could not cope with,
5. When Gorbachev became the President, he carried out reforms and loosened the system. He set in motion forces and expectations that few could have predicted and became virtually impossible to control. There were sections of Soviet society which felt that Gorbachev should have moved much faster and were disappointed and impatient with his methods. Others, especially members of the Communist Party and those who were served by the system, took exactly the opposite view. In this tug of war, Gorbachev lost support on all sides.
6. The rise of nationalism and the desire for sovereignty within various republics including Russia and the Baltic Republics, Ukraine, Georgia, and others proved to be the final and most immediate cause for the disintegration of the USSR.

OR

The end of the Second World War is a landmark in contemporary world politics. The war included all the major powers of the world and spread out to South-East Asia, China, Myanmar and parts of North-East India.

The Second World War ended and Cold War began when the US dropped bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in diplomatic manner, causing Japan to surrender. Critics of the US decision to drop the bombs have argued that the US knew that Japan was about to surrender and that it was unnecessary to drop the bombs. They suggest that the US action was intended to stop the Soviet Union from making military and political gains in Asia and elsewhere and to show Moscow that the United States was supreme. US supporters have argued that the dropping of the atomic bombs was necessary to end the war quickly and to stop further loss of American and Allied lives.

Whatever the motives, the consequence of the end of the Second World War was the rise of two new powers on the global stage. With the defeat of Germany and Japan, the devastation of Europe and in many other parts of the world, the United States and the Soviet Union became the greatest powers in the world with the ability to influence events anywhere on the earth.

While the Cold War was an outcome of the emergence of the US and the USSR as two superpowers rival to each other, it was also rooted in the understanding that the destruction caused by the use of atom bombs is too costly for any country to bear. The logic is simple yet powerful. When two rival powers are in possession of nuclear weapons capable of inflicting death and destruction unacceptable to each other, a full-fledged war is unlikely. Therefore, the backdrop of the end of Second World War led to the beginning of Cold War.

Answer 23.
Bandwagon Strategy :

1. The best way to resist hegemony is to work with other than against the hegemony. So, instead of engaging in activities opposed to hegemonic power, it may be to extract benefits by operating within the hegemonic system.
2. Another strategy named ‘Hide’ implies staying away from the dominant power as far as possible. All the big powers like China, Russia, the European Union are seeking to stay below the radar but this cannot go on for a long time.
3. Some people believe that resistance to the US hegemony is the only solution but not from states who are unable to face the hegemony.
4. Therefore, challenges to the US hegemony will emerge in the economic and cultural realms and will come from a contribution of Non-governmental Organizations social movements and public opinion.
5. Resistance may be from the section of media and intellectuals, artists and writers.

OR

Role of ASEAN as an economic association :

• The economy of ASEAN regions is growing much faster than that of the US, EU and Japan.
• This accounts for the growth in its influence both in the region and beyond.
• ASEAN is trying to create a common market and production base within the ASEAN states.
• A mechanism is being evolved to settle and resolve the economic disputes.
• ASEAN has focused on creating a free trade Asia for investment, labour and services.
• Its vision 2020 defined an outward-looking role for ASEAN in the international community.
• The current economic strength of ASEAN is being trading and investment partner to the growing Asian economise such as India and China, Singapore and Thailand.
• Two ASEAN members signed FTA with India.

Answer 24.
From the below functions the structures and agencies of the UN achieve it objective is to prevent international conflict and to facilitate cooperation among states.

1. The General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the UN Secretariat are the five main agencies and UN’s structures.
2. Security council is the most important agency of the UN. The primary responsibility of the Council is to maintain international peace and security. It also takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression.
3. The UN through its agencies coordinate the policy and recommend on economic, social and environmental issues as well as an implementation of internationally areed development goals.
4. The UN estaBlished its court in Hague. The role of the court is to settle in accordance with rnational law, legal disputes submitted to it by states and to give advisory opinions on legal questions.

OR

• After the Second World War, there were many newly countries emerged in Asia and Africa as a result of the collapse of colonialism and the most nations faced threats not only from outside their borders but also from within.
• For the newly independent countries external and internal threats posed serious challenges to their security.
• Some of these states are worried about threats from separatist movement within the country.
• Terrorism is a problem faced by maximum newly free countries from outside borders i.e. 1ST
• Newly independent countries are highly populated and low per capita income countries so that facing the problem of global poverty.
• Newly independent countries are also facing the problem of social injustice discrimination based on caste, creed, religion which affects the human rights.

Answer 25.
Consequences of the partition of India :

1. The year 1947 was the year of one of the largest, most abrupt, unplanned and tragic transfer of population that Indian history was known. In the name of religion, people of a community killed and maimed people of the other community. Cities like Lahore, Calcutta (Kolkata) and Amritsar were titled as communal zones.
2. Muslims would avoid going into areas where mainly Hindus and Sikhs lived. Similarly, the Hindus and Sikhs stayed away from Muslim areas.
3. People went through immense sufferings because they were forced to abandon their homes and move across borders. Minorities on both sides of the border fled their homes and often secured temporary shelter in ‘refugee camps’. They often found helpless local police and administration helpless in what was till recently their own country. They travelled to the other side of the new border by all sorts of means, often by foot. Even during this journey they were often attacked, killed or raped. Thousands of women were abducted on both sides of the border. They were made to convert to the religion of the abductor and were forced into marriage. In many cases, women were killed by their own family members to preserve the ‘family honour’. Many children were separated from their parents.
4. Those who did manage to cross the border found that they had no home. For lakhs of these ‘refugees’ the country’s freedom meant life in refugee camps, for a long time.
5. While recounting the trauma of partition, they have often used the phrase that the survivors themselves used to describe partition—as a division of hearts.
6. The partition was not merely a division of properties, liabilities and assets, or a political division of the country and the administrative apparatus. The employees of the government and the railways were also divided. Partition forced about 80 lakh people to migrate across the new border. About 5 to 10 lakhs people were killed in partition-related violence. However, beyond the administrative concerns and financial strains, the partition posed another deeper issue. The leaders of the Indian national struggle did not accept the two-nation theory. And yet, partition on religious had taken place.

OR

Agriculture, industry and land reforms were the three most significant objectives after Independence. As political power was in the hands of land-owning classes and capitalists, land reforms and poverty eradication were slow. No major steps were taken to implement these objectives as only economically dominant classes benefited from this policy.
There were three major outcomes:

1. Economic Foundation : Planned development during the early phase of Independence laid foundations of India’s economic growth. India has borrowed the idea of Five Year Plans from USSR. The First Five Year Plan laid emphasis on the development of agriculture. The Second Five Year Plan focused on the development of key (heavy) industries and building of mega dams. Mega-dams like Bhakra Nangal and Hirakud for irrigation, and power generation came up. Heavy industries in sectors of iron and steel, oil refinery, manufacturing units, defence, etc. were started. Gradually, transport and communication infrastructure were improved.
2. Land Reforms: The most important development was in the field of land reforms. The colonial legacy of the zamindari system was abolished. The two components of land reforms were much less successful which were as follows:
   • Laws ever made to put an upper limit or ceiling on the amount of agricultural land that person could own but people with excess land violate the provision of a ceiling.
   • Laws were made to provide legal security against the eviction of tenants who worked on someone else land.
3. Green Revolution : The introduction of high-yielding varieties of seeds and the increased use of fertilizers and irrigation led to the Green Revolution. It provided the increase in production required to make India self-sufficient in food grains.

Answer 26.
Major Changes :
The fourth general election was held in 1967 for the first time without Nehru:

1. The election verdict was not in favor of Congress and results jolted the Congress both at the national and state levels.
2. (ii) Half the ministers in Indira Gandhi’s Cabinet were defeated including K. Kamaraj in Tamil Nadu, S.K. Patil in Maharashtra, Atulya Ghosh in West Bengal, K.B. Sahay in Bihar.
3. Defection played a major role in making or unmaking of government. The Congress did not lose the only majority in seven states but two other states also prevented it to form a government due to defections.
4. In Madras (Tamil Nadu) a regional party came to power by securing a clear majority. This was the first time any non-Congress party had secured a majority of its own in any state.
5. For the first time, any non-Congress party secured a majority in any state and in other eight states i.e. Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa (Odisha) and Kerala, different non-Congress parties formed the coalitions.
6. These election results were called as a ‘Political Earthquake’. Hence, the domination to the Congress was over.

OR

1. There are different views about the need to declare an emergency. The Indian Constitution simply described ‘internal disturbances’ as the reason for declaring Emergency. The government argued that in a democracy, the opposition parties must allow the elected ruling party to govern according to its policies. It felt that frequent recourse to agitations, protests and collective action are not good for democracy. This leads to instability and distracts the administration from its routine task of ensuring development. Some other parties like the CPI that continued to back the Congress during Emergency, also believed that there was an international conspiracy against the unity of India.

2. On the other hand, the critics of the Emergency argued that ever since the freedom movement, Indian politics had a history of popular struggles. Jai Prakash Narayan and much other opposition leader felt that in a democracy people had the right to publicly protest against the government. The Gujarat and Bihar agitations peaceful. Those who were arrested were never tried for any anti-national activity. The threat was not to the unity and integrity of the country, but to the ruling party and to the Prime Minister herself. The critics say that Indira Gandhi misused the constitutional provision meant for saving the country to save her personal power.

3. The government used powers given by the constitution and suspended the democratic functioning. It said that it wanted to use the Emergency to bring law and order, restore government led by Indira Gandhi announced a twenty-point programme and declared its determination to implement this programme. In the initial months, the urban middle classes were generally happy over the fact that agitations came to an end. The poor and rural people also expected an effective implementation of the welfare programmes. Thus, different sections of society had different expectations from the Emergency.

4. Critics of Emergency indicated that most of these promises by the government remained unfulfilled, that these were simply meant to divert attention from the excesses that were taking place.

Therefore, the Emergency of 1975 brought out both the weaknesses and the strengths of India’s democracy. It brought out some ambiguities regarding the Emergency provision in the Constitution that have been rectified since. Also, the Emergency made everyone aware of the value of civil liberties.

Answer 27.
Dalit Panthers denotes to a militant organisation of Dalit Youth to be formed in 1972 in Maharashtra. They resorted to mass action for an assertion of Dalit’s rights. They took several steps:

1. These groups mainly fought against the perpetual caste-based inequalities and material injustices that Dalits faced in spite of constitutional guarantees of equality and justice.
2. They faced collective atrocities over minor symbolic issues of caste pride.
3. Hence, they demanded effective implementation of reservations and other such policies of social justice. Therefore, activities of Dalit Panthers were mostly centered around fighting increasing atrocities on Dalits in various parts of the state.

OR

In 1947, the British empire in India came to an end. Portugal refused to withdraw from the territories of Goa, Daman, and Diu which were under its colonial rule since the sixteenth century. During their long rule, the Portuguese suppressed the people of Goa, denied them civil rights, and carried out forced religious conversions. After India’s Independence, the Indian government tried very patiently to persuade the Portuguese government to withdraw. There was also a strong popular movement within Goa for freedom. They were

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