CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 1

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 1 are part of CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science. Here we have given CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 1.

CBSE Sample Papers for Class 12 Political Science Paper 1

Students who are going to appear for CBSE Class 12 Examinations are advised to practice the CBSE sample papers given here which is designed as per the latest Syllabus and marking scheme as prescribed by the CBSE is given here. Paper 1 of Solved CBSE Sample Paper for Class 12 Political Science is given below with free PDF download solutions.

Time Allowed: 3 hours
Maximum Marks: 80

General Instructions

• All questions are compulsory.
• Questions nos. 1 to 5 are of 1 mark each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 20 words
• Questions nos. 6 to 10 are of 2 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 40 words
• Questions nos. 11 to 16 are of 4 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 100 words
• Questions nos. 17 to 21 are of 5 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 150 words
• Questions no. 21 is map based question.
• Questions nos. 22 to 27 are of 6 marks each. The answer to these questions should not exceed 150 words.

Question 1.
What is Planning?

Question 2.
The results of which elections were called Political Earthquake?

Question 3.
What was the largest garage sale in history?

Question 4.
What is the New World Order?

Question 5.
What is European Union?

Question 6.
What is the significance of Article 370?

Question 7.
What led to the serious debate over secularism?

Question 8.
Why is human security more important in the contemporary world than territorial security?

Question 9.
Mention any two outcomes of Rio-Summit.

Question 10.
What was ‘Operation Blue Star’? Why did it hurt the sentiments of the Sikh community?

Question 11.
How far is it correct to say that the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Centre was the attack on the US hegemony? Explain.

Question 12.
The peace and prosperity of countries lay in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organisations. Justify this statement.

Question 13.
Describe India-China relations from 1947 to 1962.

Question 14.
Why did India help Bangladesh to get independence and how?

Question 15.
What do you mean by environmental movements? Explain.

Question 16.
What issues did Dalit Panthers address?

Question 17.
Read the passage and answer the questions below:
“Indian democracy was never so close to a two-party system as it was during the 1977 elections. However, the next few years saw a complete change. Soon after its defeat, the Indian National Congress split into two groups The Janata Party also went through major convulsions David Butler, Ashok Lahiri and Prannoy Roy.
Partha Chatterjee
(a) What made the party system in India look like a two-party system in 1977?
(b) Many more than two parties existed in 1977. Why then are the authors describing this period as close to a two-party system?
(c) What caused splits in Congress and the Janata Party?

Question 18.
Read the passage given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:
Sardar Sarovar Project is a multipurpose mega-scale dam. Its Advocates say that it would benefit huge areas of Gujarat and the three adjoining states in terms of availability of drinking water and water for irrigation, generation of electricity and increase in agricultural production. Many more subsidiary benefits like effective flood and drought control in the region were linked to the success of this dam. In the process of construction of the dam 245 villages from these States were expected to get submerged. It required relocation of around two and a half lakh people from f these villages. Issues of relocation and proper rehabilitation of the project-affected people were first raised by local activist groups. It was around 1988-89 that the issues crystallised under the banner of the NBA – a loose collective of local voluntary organisations.
(i) Why is Sardar Sarovar Project mentioned as multipurpose mega-scale dam?
(ii) Why was it opposed by villagers?
(iii) Name the organisation which led the movement against this project.
(iv) What was the main demand of Local Activist Groups?

Question 19.
Why did the Narmada bachao Andolan oppose the dam projects in the Narmada Valley?

Question 20.
Examine the role played by India in the implementation of UN policies and programmes.

Question 21.
In the given outline map of South Asia, five countries have been marked as A, B, C, D and E. Identify them on the basis of the information given below and write their correct names in your answer book with their respective serial number of the information used and the alphabet concerned as per the following format.

(i) The country has experienced civilian as well as military rule both.
(ii) Democracy was restored in this country in 2006.
(iii) This country is still a monarchy.
(iv) The Parliament of this country voted unanimously to introduce multi-party system in June 2005.
(v) This country is a part of India’s ‘Look East Policy’ via. Myanmar.

Question 22.
What is meant by Security? Mention any four components of Indian security strategy.
OR
What is the importance of Kyoto Protocol (1997)? Find out more about it. Which major countries did not sign it?

Question 23.
Mention some of the advantages and disadvantages of globalisation in brief.
OR
Analyse the circumstances that favoured Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri. Mention any four achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a Prime Minister.

Question 24.
Throw light on the Gujarat movement in January 1974 and the Bihar movement in March 1974.
OR
Identify the reasons which led to the Chipko Movement in UP in early 1970s. What was the impact of this movement?

Question 25.
What were the main provisions of the Punjab accord? In what way can they be the basis for further tensions between the Punjab and its neighbouring States?
OR
Describe the developments in Indian politics in context of the 1990s.

Question 26.
What is meant by New International Economic Order? Mention any four reforms of the global trading system proposed by UNCTAD in 1972.
OR
Evaluate any three major factors responsible for making the European Union as a political force from being an economic force.

Question 27.
What were the major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India?
OR
Examine any three factors responsible for the US hegemony in the world politics.

Answers

Answer 1.
Planning is a systematic regulation of purposeful activity to achieve national goals. India was inspired by USSR for planning to provide basic necessities of life i.e. advanced education, medical care and technological skills.

Answer 2.
February 1967, Fourth General Elections to the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.

Answer 3.
Largest garage sale in history was resulted due to shock therapy to undervalue the valuable industries of the USSR to sell them at throwaway prices.

Answer 4.
The sudden collapse of Soviet Union led to the New World Order in the form of the US hegemony.

Answer 5.
European Union is a group of European capitalist countries established in 1992 for common goal of foreign and security policy, cooperation and home affairs.

Answer 6.
Article 370 signifies special status of Kashmir:

• To give greater autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir.
• To specify that state has its own Constitution.
• All provisions of the Constitution are not applicable to state.

Answer 7.
The demolition of disputed mosque at Ayodhya on 6 December 1992 by Karseva, led to a serious debate over secularism:

• Most political parties condemned the demolition and declared it to be against secularism.
• A debate took place about using religious sentiments for electoral purposes.

Answer 8.
Human security is about the protection of people more than protection of states because during the last 100 years more people have been killed by their own governments than by foreign armies.

• Protecting citizens from foreign attack.
• Security from violent threats.
• Security from threats to human dignity.

Answer 9.

• It provided a consensus to combine economic growth with ecological responsibility for sustainable development.
• It recommended a list of development practices called Agenda 21 which induced climatic change, bio-diversity, forestry and development practices.

Answer 10.
Operation Blue Star was a code name for army actions in the Golden Temple. In this operation, the government could successfully flush out the militants, but it also damaged the historic temple and deeply hurt the sentiments of the Sikhs. They saw the military operation as an attack of their faith.

Answer 11.
The US had established its hegemony through the launch of two operations namely ‘Operation Desert Storm’ where 75 per cent of the coalition forces were from the US and ‘Operation Infinite Reach’, a series of Cruise missile strikes on Al-Qaeda. These operations made the US more confident of the establishment of the US hegemony that no one could dare to challenge the US. But, suddenly hijackers from Arab countries attacked on the World Trade Centre on 11 September 2001 alongwith the other important buildings also as Pentagon building (the US defence department) and the capital building of US the Congress. It was the most severe attack on the US soil since the founding of the country in 1776. Thus, it can be concluded that the 9/11 attack was the attack on US hegemony which challenged the US in its own way.

Answer 12.
This statement represents the ASEAN Regional Forum and the European Union, where ASEAN Regional Forum is based on the notion not to escalate territorial disputes into armed confrontation:

1. The ASEAN is rapidly growing as a regional organisation with the Vision 2020 including an outward looking role in international community and to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region.
2. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) maintains coordination of security and foreign policy.
3. The EU has also been funded on the ground of common foreign and security policy, cooperation on justice and home affairs.
4. The European Union has also extended cooperation while acquiring new members especially from Soviet bloc.

Answer 13.
In do-China relations from 1947-1962.

1. After the Chinese revolution in 1949, India was one of the first countries to recognize the communist government of China.
2. When China annexed Tibet in 1950, both the countries developed some differences.
3. In 1954, joint enunciation of Panchseel was made by Indian Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai.
4. In 1954, India gave political asylum to Dalai Lama and this annoyed China.
5. In 1962, China invaded the territory of India and relations between both the countries got strained.

Answer 14.
Bangladesh was created by the support of India because:

1. West Pakistan did not allow Awami League, an East Pakistani Party to form government despite winning all the seats.
2. East Pakistanis rebelled against and were suppressed by the army of West Pakistan, resulting large scale migration into India.
3. This created huge refugee problem for India.
4. Hence, India supported the demand of East Pakistanis financially and militarily.
5. In December 1971, a war took place between India and Pakistan and ended with the surrender of Pakistani forces by forming Bangladesh as an independent country.

Answer 15.
Environmental movements are the movements of a group which are environmentally
conscious to challenge environmental degradation to work at both the national and international levels or local levels:

• These movements raise new ideas and long term vision of what we should not do in our individual and collective lines.
• These environmental movements may be diverse in nature i.e. the forest movements of the south, in Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Malaysia, Indonesia, continental Africa and India are faced with enormous pressures.

Categories of Environmental Movements:

• Forest Movements
• Movement against mining corporation and mineral industry (water pollution)
• Anti Dam Movements against the construction of mega dams riot to disturb channels of rivers.

Answer 16.
Dalit Panthers denotes to a militant organisation of Dalit Youth to be formed in 1972
in Maharashtra. They resorted to mass action for assertion of Dalit’s rights. They took several steps:

1. These groups mainly fought against the perpetual caste based inequalities and material injustices that Dalits faced in spite of constitutional guarantees of equality and justice.
2. They faced collective atrocities over minor symbolic issues of caste pride.
3. Hence, they demanded effective implementation of reservations and other such policies of social justice. Therefore, activities of Dalit Panthers were mostly centred around fighting increasing atrocities on Dalits in various parts of the state.

Answer 17.

1. The imposition of Emergency in 1977 and political crisis made the party system in India look like a two-party system.
2. Two parties existed in 1977 were Congress and non-Congress parties to be described as close to two party system because it ended the one party dominance and emerged Janata Party, umbrella of non-Congress parties.
3. Split in Congress: Congress splitted on the issues of Presidential elections in 1969. Split in Janata Party: On tensions among three leaders Morarji Desai, Charan Singh and Jagjivan Ram for leadership in 1979.

Answer 18.

1. Because it fulfilled the various purposes together as to benefit huge areas of Gujarat and three adjoining states:
   • Availability of drinking water
   • Water for irrigation
   • Generation of electricity
   • Effective floods and drought control in the region.
2. Because in the process of construction of dam about 245 villages from these states were expected to be submerged alongwith the population of two and a half lakh people.
3. Local activist group under the banner of Narmada Bachao Andolan.
4. To relocate and proper rehabilitation of project affected people.

Answer 19.
Narmada Bachao Aandolan was a collective local organisation’s movement to save river
Narmada which opposed the construction of multi-purpose dam “The Narmada Sagar Project” and questioned the ongoing developmental projects in country :

1. Narmada Bachao Aandolan (NBA) linked its opposition to Sardar Sarovar Project with larger issues concerning the nature of ongoing developmental projects, efficiency of model of development that the country followed and about what constituted public interest in a democracy.
2. It demanded that there should be a cost benefit analysis of the major developmental projects due to construction of dam submerged around 245 villages to require two and a half lakh population to be relocated.
3. The movement demanded proper rehabilitation of all those to be effected from the construction of these projects.
4. This movement also questioned the nature of decision making process to be in framing of mega scale development projects.
5. Movement also insisted that local communities must have a say in such decision making along with an effective control over natural resources.
6. Hence, NBA achieved a comprehensive National Rehabilitation Policy formed by government in 2003.

Answer 20.

• India believes that a strengthened and revitalised UN is desirable in the changing world.
• India also supports an enhanced role for the UN in promoting development and cooperation among states.
• India believes that the development should be central to the UN’s agenda as it is a vital precondition for the maintenance of international peace and security.
• India debates more representation in Security Council may enjoy greater support in world community.
• India has major concern about restructuring of UN Security Council.
• India supports the role of developing countries should be represented in Security Council in decision making.

Answer 21.

Answer 22.
At its most basic, security implies freedom from threats. Human existence and the life of a country are full of threats. We generally say that only those things that threaten ‘core values’ should be regarded as being of interest in discussions of security. Thus, security relates only to extremely dangerous threats—threats that could so endanger core values that those values would be damaged beyond repair if we did not do something to deal with the situation.
India’s security strategy has four broad components which have been used in a varying combination from time to time:

1. The first component was strengthening its military capabilities because India has been involved in conflicts with its neighbours—Pakistan in 1947—48, 1965, 1971 and 1999 and China in 1962. Since it is surrounded by nuclear-armed countries in the South Asian region, India’s decision to conduct nuclear tests in 1998 was justified by the Indian government in terms of safeguarding national security.
2. The second component of India’s security strategy has been to strengthen international norms and international institutions to protect its security interests.
3. The third component of Indian security strategy is geared towards meeting security challenges within the country. Several militant groups from areas such as Nagaland, Mizoram, the Punjab and Kashmir among others have from time to time sought to break away from India. India has tried to preserve national unity by adopting a democratic political system.
4. There has been an attempt in India to develop its economy in a way that the vast mass of citizens are lifted out of poverty and misery and huge economic inequalities are not allowed to exist.

OR

1. Kyoto Protocol was accepted in 1997 based on principles set by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change.
2. It is an international agreement signed on 11 December, 1997 in Kyoto, Japan for setting targets for industrialised countries to cut their greenhouse gas emissions.
3. India, China and other developing countries were exempted from the needs of the Kyoto Protocol, because in developing countries, per capita emissions are very low. India signed the Kyoto Protocol in August 2002. Under this Agreement, Certain gases like Carbon dioxide, Methane, Hydro-fluoro, Carbons, etc. are considered as responsible for global warming.
4. India and China were exempted from the needs of the Kyoto Protocol as UNFCCC of 1992 provides that the parties should work to save the climate system on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.
5. As of June 2013, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate change, which aims to combat global warming.
6. Afghanistan, Sudan, Taiwan, the United States are some major countries who did not sign Kyoto Protocol.

Answer 23.
Advantages :

1. Globalisation encourages competition which can help economic growth.
2. It has become the latest mantra in the universe.
3. It facilitates fusion of thinking process efficiently and uses of available resources judiciously through the interaction of cross-cultural management techniques.
4. While people continue to experience and debate advantages and disadvantages of globalisation, the fact remains that it offers imprecedented opportunities for many.
5. More new jobs have been created in multinational companies.

Disadvantages :

1. There is a fear that Indian agriculture and industries would suffer in a long run.
2. Agriculture, forest, industries, mining, etc. are exploiting inadequate environmental
   codes. Agriculture companies are destroying the biodiversity of the plant kingdom and depriving subsistence farmers of their livelihood.
3. The increasing interdependence of countries in a globalised world makes them more vulnerable to economic problems.
4. Some countries have been unable to take advantage of globalisation and their standards of living are dropping further behind the richest countries.
5. Increased trade and travel have facilitated the spread of human animal and plant diseases like HIV/AIDS, bird flu, SARC, etc. across borders.

OR

Circumstances that favoured Indira Gandhi to become Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri are as follows:

1. On 10 January 1966, Shastri’s Prime Ministership came to an abrupt end when he died suddenly in Taskhent. Now the Congress had to face the challenge of political succession.
2. The senior party leaders decided to support Indira Gandhi, but the decision was not unanimous. There was intense contest between Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi. The contest was resolved through a secret ballot among the MPs of the Congress. Indira Gandhi got the support of more than two-thirds of the Congress party’s MPs.

Achievements of Indira Gandhi that made her popular as a Prime Minister are as follows:

1. Indira Gandhi adopted her strategy boldly and diplomatically. When the Congress had lost in 1967 elections, she converted a simple power struggle into an ideological f struggle.
2. Indira Gandhi did not revive old Congress Party but she re-invented the party by forming an entirely different popular party to accommodate some social groups, the poor, the women, the dalits, adivasis and the minorities. Thus, she restored the Congress system by changing the nature of Congress system itself.
3. Indira Gandhi focussed on the growth of the public sector, imposition of ceiling on rural land holdings and urban poverty, removal of disparities in income and opportunity, and abolition of princely privileges. Her slogan ‘Garibi Hatao’ and the programmes that followed it were part of her political strategy of building an Independent nationwide
   political support base. As a result, she won 352 seats with about 44 per cent of the
   popular votes on its own in the Lok Sabha elections of 1971.
4. After the 1971 Lok Sabha election, a major political and military crises broke out in East Pakistan (present Bangladesh). The 1971 elections were followed by the crisis in East Pakistan and the Indo-Pak war leading to the formation of Bangladesh.

All these events added to the popularity of Indira Gandhi. Even the opposition party leaders admired her statesmanship.

Answer 24.
The Gujarat movement, 1974 : When the prices of goods were increasing day-by-day, students in Gujarat began an agitation against rising prices of food grain, cooking oil and ’ other essential commodities, and against corruption in high places. The students’ protest in January 1974 was joined by major opposition parties and became widespread leading to the imposition of President’s rule in the state. The opposition Parties demanded fresh elections to the state legislature. Morarji Desai, a prominent leader of Congress (O), who was the main rival of Indira Gandhi when he was in the Congress, announced that he would go on an indefinite fast if fresh elections were not held in the State. Under intense pressure from students, supported by the opposition political parties, assembly elections were held in Gujarat in June 1975. The Congress was defeated in this election.

The Bihar movement, 1974 :
In March 1974, students came together in Bihar to protest against rising prices, food scarcity, unemployment and corruption. After a point they invited Jayaprakash Narayan to lead the student movement. He accepted it on the condition that the movement will remain non-violent and will not limit itself to Bihar. Thus, the students movement assumed a political character and had national appeal. Now, people from all walks of life came in the movement. Jayaprakash Narayan demanded the dismissal of the Congress government in Bihar and gave a call for complete revolution in the social, economic and political spheres in order to establish a true democracy. A series of gehraos, and strikes were organised in protest against the Bihar government.

OR

• The Chipko movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand on refusal of permission to villages to fell ash trees for making agricultural tools and allotted the same land to sports manufacturers for commercial uses.
• The villagers protested against the practices of logging to be permitted by government.
• The villagers used a novel tactic to hug the trees to protect them from being cut down.

Impact of movement :

• It soon spread across many parts of Uttarakhand and larger issues of ecological and economic exploitation were also raised.
• The government issued a ban on felling of tress in Himalayan region for fifteen years until green cover was fully restored.
• Active participation of women was also a very novel aspect of the movement.
• This movement was started with a single issue but became symbol of many such popular movements emerging in different parts of the country during 1970s.

Answer 25.
Punjab Accord was an agreement signed between the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and Harchand Singh Longowal, the then President of Akali Dal in 1985 to be known as ‘Rajiv Gandhi Longowal Accord’ also to create normalcy in Punjab:

• Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.
• To appoint a separate commission to resolve border dispute between Punjab and Haryana.
• To set up a tribunal to settle down the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water among Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.
• To provide agreement for compensation to better treatment to those affected by militancy in Punjab.
• To withdraw the Armed Forces Special Power Act in Punjab.

But peace could not be established easily in Punjab and resulted as follows:

• It led to many excesses Dy police and violation of human rights.
• It fragmented the Akali Dal.
• The President’s rule was imposed and normal political process was suspended.
• Hence, political process could not be restored in this atmosphere. Even during elections in 1992, only 24% electors turned out to vote.

Consequently above mentioned added to tension between Punjab and its neighbouring states.

OR

1. The most important development of this period was the defeat of the Congress party in the elections held in 1989. The party that had won as many as 415 seats in the Lok Sabha in 1984 was reduced to only 197 in this election. The Congress improved its performance and came back to power soon after the mid-term elections held in 1991. But the elections of 1989 marked the end of ‘Congress system’.
2. Second development was the rise of the Mandal issue in national politics. This followed the decision by the new national Front Government in 1990, to implement the recommendation of reserved for the Other backward Classes. This led to violent anti-Mandal protests in different parts of the country.
3. Third, the economic policy followed by the various governments took a radically different turn. This is known as the initiation of the structural adjustment programme or the new economic reforms. These changes first became very visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction that the Indian widely criticised by various movements and organisations. But the various governments that came to power in this period have continued to follow these.
4. Fourth, a number of events culminated in the demolition of the disputed structure at Ayodhya (known as Babri Masjid) in December 1992. This event symbolised and triggered various changes in the politics of the country and intensified debates about the nature of Indian nationalism and secularism.
5. Finally, the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi in May 1991 led to a change in leadership of the Congress Party. In the elections of 1991, Congress emerged as the single largest party. Following Rajiv Gnadhi’s death, the party chose Narshimha Rao as the Prime Minister.

Answer 26.
The non-aligned countries were more than merely mediators during the Cold War. The challenge for most of the non-aligned countries — a majority of them were categorised as the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) — was to be more developed economically and to lift their people out of poverty. Economic development was also vital for the independence of the new countries. Without sustained development, a country could not be truly free. It would remain dependent on the richer countries including the colonial powers from which political freedom had been achieved.

The idea of a New International Economic Order (NIEO) originated with this realisation. The UNCTAD brought out a report in 1972 entitled Towards a New Trade Policy for Development. The report proposed a reform of the global trading system so as to:

• give the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) control over their natural resources exploited by the developed western countries.
• obtain access to western markets so that LDCs would sell their products and therefore, make trade more beneficial for the poorer countries.
• reduce the cost of technology from the western countries.
• provide the LDCs with a greater role in international economic institutions.

OR

The European Union has evolved over time from an economic union to an increasingly political one. The EU has began to act more as a nation state. While the attempts to have a Constitution for the EU have failed, it has its own flag, anthem, foundation date (1 Nov. 1993), and currency (Euro). It also has some form of a common foreign and security policy in its dealings with other nations. The European Union has tried to expand areas of cooperation while acquiring new members, especially from the erstwhile Soviet Bloc. The process has not proved easy, for people in many countries are not very enthusiastic in giving the EU powers that were exercised by the government of their country. There are also reservations about including some new countries within the EU.

The EU has economic, political and diplomatic, and military influence. The EU is the world’s biggest economy with a GDP of more than $12 trillion in 2005. It was more than $16 trillion in 2016. Its currency can pose a threat to the dominance of the US dollar. Its share of world trade is three times larger than that of the US allowing it to be more assertive in trade disputes with the US and China. Its economic power gives it influence over its nearest neighbours as well as in Asia and Africa.

Answer 27.
The major consequences of the disintegration of the Soviet Union for countries like India can be analysed as follows:

1. Disintegration of Soviet Union gave an end to Cold War confrontations and to ideological disputes between two superpowers.
2. Military alliances had been abolished and demand arose for world peace and security.
3. Multipolar system was surpassed to exist where no single power could dominate and a group of countries could play a crucial role in world politics like NAM Countries.
4. The US became the sole superpower and capitalist economy became dominant at international level. World Bank and IMF became powerful advisors due to their economic support to these countries during transitional period.
5. The motion of liberal democracy emerged as a way to organise political life.
6. Due to disintegration of Soviet Union many new countries emerged with the independent aspirations and choices.
7. The Baltic and East European states wanted to join European Union and became the part of NATO. The Central Asian countries took the advantage of their geographical location and continued close ties with Russia, West, China and others.

OR

Three factors responsible for the US hegemony in the world politics are—

1. The US power lies in the overwhelming superiority of its military power. American military dominance today is both absolute and relative. In absolute terms, the US today has military capabilities that can reach any point on the planet accurately, lethally and in real time, thereby crippling the adversary while its own forces are sheltered to the maximum extent possible from the dangers of war.
2. No other power today can remotely match them. The US today spends more on its _ military capability than the next 12 powers combined. Further more, a large chunk of the Pentagon’s budget goes into military research and development, or, in other words, technology. Thus, the military dominance of the US is not just based on higher military spending, but on a qualitative gap, a technological chasm that no other power can at present conceivably span.
3. The US invasion of Iraq shows that the American capacity to conquer is formidable. Similarly the US capability to deter and to punish is self-evident. More than forty countries joined in the US-led ‘coalition of the willing’ after the UN refused to give its mandate to the invasion. Thus, no country can deny the US superiority in the world politics.

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